Aircraft Inspections for Safety and Reliability

Information pertaining to Pre/Post Flight Inspections Inspections are made to enhance aircraft reliability. Reliability refers to quality service and quality means safety for people. Inspections for aircraft safety and reliability are significant for survival of people and equipment. Since this is an integral part of aircraft operations, we have to conduct aircraft inspections systematically and apply meticulous and down-to-earth processes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aircraft Inspections for Safety and Reliability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Inspections involve steps and processes and require analyses of reports from the different tasks required for aircraft operation. As inspector, I am tasked to determine the airworthiness of an aircraft.  An aircraft inspection is an important activity that ranges from merely â€Å"walking around† to a meticulous inspection by way of disassembling the parts through complicated inspection tools and technique. An inspection system requires reports and investigations conducted by mechanics, information from the pilot or co-pilot in charge of the aircraft, and reports from other personnel involved.  My ultimate aim is to make an aircraft free of any accident. Irresponsible and disorganized inspection will result into a bad aircraft condition that might cause accident (Federal Aviation Administration, 2009, p. 64). Aircraft is scheduled for inspection if it has accumulated certain flight hours, or a situation based on calendar inspection. Calendar inspection is an efficient type of management program since components have to be replaced based on the number of hours the aircraft has performed. (Aviation maintenance technician handbook, 2008, p. 8-1) Preparation for inspection involves a lot of paperwork and availability of information as reference point. Other publications have to be accessed and read as reference guide. Information from t he makers of the aircraft is also important. We consult the aircraft logbook when looking for available data about the aircraft. The historical information of the aircraft is presented here so that when there is any incident about the aircraft, it should be present in the logbook. If there were incidents involving the aircraft, I can get firsthand information from its maintenance history. My findings and observation will also be a part of the logbook (Aviation maintenance technician handbook – powerplant, volume 2, 2012, p. 10-1).  A significant part of inspections at the Honolulu Airport is the use of checklists which list the parts that will be inspected and the steps to be undertaken. The use of the checklist will enhance efficiency.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The inspection is provided a systematic approach which covers every step of the way. Every component a nd section of the aircraft is given due attention. In other words, there is no stone unturned in the inspection or investigation. Any negative report from the pilot and crew is given attention and investigated. So, an inspection is also an investigation. (Krause, 2003, p. 163) Safety and inspection practices for the Honolulu International Airport are in line with the provisions and suggestions of FAA Handbook 8083-30 Chapter 8 and AC 43.13-1B. I have already discussed above some provisions of the FAA handbook while the Advisory Circular is a must in the next paragraph. The advisory circular emphasizes inspection of wooden aircraft which are mostly old-designed aircraft. When inspecting wooden aircraft, activities should be in conformity with Section 3 of AC 43.13-1B. Wood decay occurs when fungi develops in wood. Decayed wood has particular characteristics like softness and swelling and its color has changed. The ultimate solution for this problem is replacement. When inspecting woo den aircraft, it must be in a well-ventilated place. Preliminary inspection has to be done before removing the covers. The presence of wood deterioration should be a primary concern in the inspection. (Advisory Circular 43.13-1B, 1998, Section 3) Pre- and post-flight inspections are recorded in the aircraft’s logbook. The results of inspections and reports become a part of the logbook for reference by other inspectors and maintenance crews. Focusing on the history of the aircraft through the â€Å"eyes† of the logbook helps the job of an effective inspector. Airlines have their own maintenance teams and inspectors to improve aircraft airworthiness. Each aircraft has its own maintenance program developed according to manufacturer’s specifications and instructions. This maintenance program is approved by airport authorities and by the government agency responsible for aircraft inspection and maintenance. Each program directs the maintenance schedules for a particu lar aircraft inspection; the schedules include the parts and engines to be inspected. The inspections done for each aircraft from the different airlines are subject for scrutiny and approval by the government agency.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aircraft Inspections for Safety and Reliability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to airport authorities, each hour spent in flight will have an equivalent of several hours’ maintenance. Each maintenance session includes a series of inspections and procedures which would depend on the time the aircraft spent on air and the various activities functions and activities the aircraft was involved. Critical thinking Personal judgment and critical thinking have to be included in my report and will become an integral part of the logbook and history of maintenance of the aircraft. Basically, my report is based on personal judgment and critical thinking. This is the area that I have to be good at. I hate the horrors of accidents that I hear from other international airports. Nothing so horrific has occurred at the Honolulu International Airport under my watch.  One aircraft I inspected required a thorough inspection of the parts. The logbook stated that there were some parts replaced with what the aviation industry calls PMA (Parts Manufacturer Approval). These were replacement parts and not Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM). It was a judgment call on my part whether to replace the PMA part with OEM as part of my recommendation. But having experienced myself with PMA parts, it was my belief that the component in question could perform like the original and was still working well and needed no replacement. The logbook for the aircraft stated that it was a first replacement and I also recorded as part of my recommendation that the PMA part in question was as good as the original and was working perfectly. Lives of passengers depend on the aircraft’s airworthiness and the inspector’s skill and expertise. If the inspector recorded wrong judgment, it could be a cause of accident. Critical thinking and honest judgment have to be molded with experience and continuous research and education. This is a serious job requiring analytical skills allowing no mistakes. Legality of the tasks The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is a mandate to provide order in flight operations. The FAA has the sole authority to correct mistakes in aircraft parts and engines. Unsafe situations may exist due to poor design, insufficient maintenance, and many other causes. 14CFR specifically pushes for the regular scheduling of aircraft inspection depending on the specific functions the aircraft was made. (Office of the Federal Register, 2011, p. 33) Inspections are performed before and after flying. But more meticulous inspections are scheduled at least once every 12 months. For big commercial airplanes it has to be after every 100 hours of flying. (Aviation maintenance technician handbook, 2008, p. 8-5)Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Two types of aircraft maintenance can be conducted: one that is required for the purpose of issuing a type certification (TC) and another issued by the Maintenance Review Board (MRB). These requirements are needed to provide proof of the airworthiness of the aircraft. (Ahamadi, Sà ¶derholm, Kumar, 2010, p. 229) I interviewed some company personnel at the Honolulu International Airport. A pilot of a well-known carrier told me that the pilot has the authority and responsibility to determine the airworthiness of the aircraft. Pre-flight and post-flight inspections have to be done by the pilot and the crew responsible for the aircraft. He told me that the pilot is also tasked to authenticate maintenance reports and other similar reports pertaining to the airworthiness of the aircraft.  Moreover, another personnel said that post-flight inspection should also be a standard operating procedure (SOP) to be performed by the pilot and mechanic to determine any possible problem that might have occurred or might happen in the next flight. Human factors related to maintenance inspections Aviation maintenance technicians are subject to human factors or limitations while performing their job on repair and maintenance. Mistakes in maintenance have been attributed to these human factors and the result is accident. Maintenance people or technicians work in strenuous situations that, if not corrected, may result in errors in maintenance. Their job requires a hundred percent attention to details. Being aware of these human factors can improve their service, while managing time and situations must also be applied.  Human factors can be explained through some disciplines, like psychology, cognitive science, and even modern medicine. Clinical psychology includes knowledge, prevention and relief of stress or dysfunction in order to develop one’s personality. Though the study is complex, it is understandable by ordinary individuals who are involved in routine but hard tas ks that require full attention. Aviation technicians and maintenance people have to be taught how to address human factors, although they continuously learn through experience. (Human factors, n.d., p. 14-3) Technicians and people in the engineering department must be provided the best training since they work in the harshest environment possible. Technical people are exposed to stress and fatigue amid a dangerous situation. They have to be trained in dealing with difficult situations, in controlling their emotions, and in getting the job done with the least mistake or error. As said earlier, human error and negligence are one of the major causes of accidents. To reduce this, personnel have to be trained and conditioned in the course of the performance of their tasks. Everything in the flight line must have the best safety measures to ensure that no accidents occur in the vicinity of the airport, or at least, accidents are minimized to reduce costs and avoid sparing innocent lives. The CFR further prescribes that pilots carry with them and fill in the checklist provided in the Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) as they go on duty in flying an aircraft. (Aviation maintenance technician handbook, 2008, p. 8-5) Recommendations Airlines have different maintenance programs for their aircraft. Each maintenance program is unique in the sense that aircrafts encounter different problems in flight. The technique applied to ensure an almost hundred percent safety is to conduct inspections before and after flight. Each inspection is recorded in the aircraft’s history and logbook. Maintenance and replacement for each component is also recorded for the next flight. Inspections are performed before and after flying. But more meticulous inspections are scheduled at least once every 12 months. For big commercial airplanes it has to be after every 100 hours of flying. References Advisory circular 43.13-1B: Acceptable methods, techniques, and practices – aircr aft inspection and repair. (1998). Web. Ahmadi, A., Sà ¶derholm, P., Kumar, U. (2010). On aircraft scheduled maintenance program development. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 16(3), 229-255. doi: 10.1108/13552511011072899 Aviation maintenance technician handbook: FAA-H-8083-30. (2008). Web. Aviation maintenance technician handbook – powerplant, volume 2: FAA-H-8083-32. (2012). Web. Federal Aviation Administration. (2009). FAR/AIM 2010: Federal aviation regulations/aeronautical information manual. New York: Skyhorse Publishing Inc. Human factors.   Web. Krause, S. (2003). Aircraft safety: accident investigations, analyses, applications, second edition. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. Office of the Federal Register. (2011). Code of Federal Regulations: CFR index and finding aids. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 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Unlike Software as a Service, with Platform as a Services, some aspects such as applications and data have to be managed by users, not by providers. Platform as a Services offers a wide range of benefits to the companies that look to increase the efficiency of their network performance and interactivity of a large personnel. The example of Platform as a Services is Apprenda that providers services for .NET and Java software development. Infrastructure as a Service provides computer infrastructure, storage, and networking. Thus, companies do not need to buy software and servers. Instead, users can pay for the services according to how many resources they use, which is similar to a rental fee. Out of all the three cloud computing services, Compared to SaaS and PaaS, with Infrastructure as a Service users are responsible for managing the most: apps, data, runtime, and O/S. 2. The authors claim: Developers with innovative ideas for new Internet services no longer require the large capital outlays in hardware to deploy their service or the human expense to operate it. Discuss the statement, pointing out whether and why you agree or disagree with the proposition. The companies do need to be worried about overprovisioning that tends to waste costly resources. In addition, they are not concerned about underprovisioning, which makes them miss potential clients and revenues. Cloud computing eliminates the capital expenses transforming them into operational expenses. It is beneficial when demand for a service is not constant for all times. Thus, a company can pay for using resources, leading to savings. Organizations that have the need for massive analytic tasks can use cloud computing to perform computations faster as using 1,000 machines for one hour is cost associative to using one machine for 1,000 hours. Such elasticity of resources without overpaying for large scale is a unique possibility for that has never been available in the history of IT before the companies (Armbrust et al., 2010). 3. Discuss the cloud computing economics, i.e. why cloud computing is an economic choice for companies of any size. Cloud computing is an economic choice due to pay as you go principle, as stated by Armbrust et al. (2010). Services obtained through cloud computing can be distributed unevenly. For example, a company can use 100 server-hours at one day and not use the service on the next one, and pay for 100. Thus, even if the services are more expensive than purchasing and maintaining ones own server over the same amount of time, Armbrust et al. (2010) argue that the expenses are compensated by such economic benefits as elasticity and transference of risk of over-provisioning and under-provisioning. Elasticity refers to the ability to change resources at a small scale, such as one machine at a time, and with a lead-time of minutes. In order to establish ones own servers, it can take weeks to order and install new equipment, so it must be purchased in advance. However, service providers cannot always make precise predictions. Therefore, the capacity is either overestimated or underestimated. Both cases lead to loss of revenuues, but while the overprovisioning can be easily estimated, the underprovisioning is more problematic to calculate. However, it can be more serious. Not only does a company lose potential profit, the rejected users may never come back (Armbrust et al., 2010). Cloud computing offer many benefits for companies of different sizes and their IT budget. Cloud services allow startup companies to quickly deploy into a rented infrastructure provided by a cloud vendor without having to buy loads of machines, hire operating personnel, and construct a data center. 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Instead of owning and managing ICT products and services or using the traditionally outsourced IT services, organizations and are finding it easier to employ cloud computing services since they can meet their ICT services using a flexible, on-demand and rapidly scalable system that does not require ownership on their part or dedicated resources on the cloud services provider. Buy custom Cloud Computing essay buy custom Cloud Computing essay Cloud computing has transformed the delivery and management of IT services. As a utility, cloud-computing solutions reduce IT expenses for individuals, agencies and businesses. It moves data and computing from the traditional portable devices and desktops to large data centers. With this revolution, the demand for cloud computing can be expected to grow exponentially (Hartig, 2009). However, as this technology develops, so do threats and vulnerabilities that affect many users. These vulnerabilities and threats may result to illegal access of critical or confidential data. With the innovation of cloud computing, users do not have to purchase hardware, software and storage devices. A provider through servers and networks can provide these services. Organizations should be aware of these threats and vulnerabilities as they embrace this technology in order to protect their users from crime. Abuse and Suspicious Use of Cloud Users receive various types of services from cloud providers, such as bandwidth and storage capacity. Some service providers provide their users with a free trial period that gives hackers and malicious users an opportunity to access the cloud with nefarious intentions. Spammers and other criminals take advantage of the simple procedures, relatively anonymous access and convenient registration to access the cloud and launch malicious attacks (Hicks, 2009a). Some of the impacts of their attacks include cracking passwords, decoding and building rainbow tables. Hackers and cybercriminals also take advantage of the fact that cloud service providers have limited fraud detection capabilities to launch dynamic attack points, conduct malicious data hosting and execute botnet commands. For example, some hackers use flash files and other content rich applications that allow them to install malware by utilizing users browsers (Spitzner, 2011) To lessen this threat, service providers need to establish stricter initial registration and validation processes. Credit card fraud monitoring and coordination efforts should be enhanced, as well as stepping up introspection of customer network traffic. Another area requiring rigorous monitoring is the public blacklists for the service providers network blocks. This will assist in protecting the integrity of clients data, some of which could be sensitive (Backhouse Dhillon, 2000). Insecure Interfaces and Application Programming Interfaces Cloud customers are able to interact and manage cloud services through interfaces and APIs. Service providers need to secure their service models because they play an important role in the orchestration, provisioning, and management and monitoring of the processes of running the cloud. Customers on the other hand, must be aware of the security risks associated with the use, implementation and management as well as monitoring of the cloud services (Schreiber, 2004). The security of these service models affects the security and availability of cloud services, and therefore, they should include features of authentication, access controls, encryption and monitoring of activities. A weak set of APIs and interfaces results to a variety of security issues, including malicious or unidentified access, API dependencies, inflexible access controls, reusable tokens/passwords, limited monitoring/logging capabilities, anonymous access, clear text transmission and/or authentication of content and improper authorizations. These security issues affect the confidentiality, integrity, availability and accountability of a data in the cloud. The security model of cloud providers interfaces should be analyzed to ensure they are effective. Service providers should implement strong authentication processes and access controls and in concert with encryption transmission. They should also be aware and understand the chain associated with the API (Flavio Roberto, 2010). Malicious Insiders Advanced persistent threats are some of the threats facing cloud computing in this era. Insider attacks are becoming a common occurrence in this technology and are orchestrated by employees at the provider or users site (Anderson Rainie, 2010). A malicious insider can access cryptographic keys and files as well as passwords that can allow them to participate in information theft, damage and fraud. Insiders can also by-pass or bend of security control and engage in other acts of security breaches, and hence, compromise the security controls established to safeguard information systems from attacks against integrity, confidentiality and availability of IT systems, networks and the data in the cloud. The problem of insider attacks has been on the rise especially due to lack of transparency in the processes and procedures of providing cloud services (Underwood, 2012). This means that a provider may not reveal how access is granted to employees and how their access is monitored and how reporting and policy compliance is analyzed. Additionally, customers may not understand the hiring practices of their service providers that could make room for an adversary, hackers or other cyber-criminals to steal confidential information or even take control of the cloud. The level of access granted could be an avenue for accessing confidential data or taking control of the cloud services with little or no risk of detection. Malicious insider attacks pose a great threat to the brand reputation and productivity as well as the financial well-being of an organization (Underwood, 2012). The overall premise behind insider attack is the use of much unsophisticated methods of tricking or coercing users into doing something they would normally not do. For example, an insider may send a phishing email to a user who ends up downloading a malicious code onto their computer or whichever device they are using. According to Spitzner (2011), one hundred percent of all successful compromises are a result of an insider assisting the attacke r. It is imperative that organizations implement policies to mitigate the threat of an insider taking part in an advanced persistent threat. Separation of duties is an important concept in the internal controls, though sometimes difficult and costly to implement. This objectiveis achieved by allocating tasks and associate privileges to multiple people for a specific security process. Separation of duties in the IT organization is fundamental and its the mandate of firms to apply it for regulatory purposes (Backhouse Dhillon, 2000). As a result, IT organizations should lay more emphasis on separation of duties in all their functions, especially security. Separation of duties achieves two objectives in relation to security. First, it prevents conflict of interest, wrongful acts, errors, fraud and abuse that occur in case of conflict of interest (Backhouse Dhillion, 2000). The other very important objective is the detection of control failures including information theft, security breaches and by-pass or bending of security controls. Virtualized Technology Due to the cloud virtualization, service providers reside their users applications on virtual machines based on shared infrastructure. The virtual machines are not designed to accommodate a multitenant architecture and are based on the physical hardware of the cloud provider (Karthick et. al., 2011). Overlooked flaws in technology have enabled guest operating systems to obtain unauthorized levels of control and influence on the platform. In order to maintain the security of the users, service providers are isolating their VMs to prevent one malicious VM from affecting the others under the same provider. In order to provide virtual memory as well as schedule CPU caches policies to VMs, VMs are managed by hypervisor. In addition, since the hypervisor is the main way of managing a virtualized cloud platform, hackers are targeting it in order to gain access to VMs and physical hardware because it resides in between the two (Siani, 2009). This means that an attack on hypervisor can damage both the VMs and hardware. Service providers should employ strong isolation to ensure that VMs are not able to access or affect the operations of other users running under the same cloud service provider. Moreover, service providers should implement the best practices for configuration and monitor the environment for unauthorized activity. The authentication and access operations should be strengthened in addition to enforcing procedures for patching and vulnerability remediation. Vulnerability scanning and configuration audits should also be promoted. Data Loss or Leakage Data loss refers to compromised data that may include deletion or alteration of records without first making a backup of the original content which can be intentional or unintentional (Farell, 2008). It can also occur in the course of unlinking part of a record from the larger context, unauthorized access of confidential data and loss of an encoding key. Data loss and leakage can result from various issues including: operational failures; inconsistent use of encryption keys; authorization and audit controls; political issues; disposal challenges; insufficient authentication; inconsistent software keys; persistence and remanence challenges; risk of association; disaster recovery and unreliable data storage (Tim et.al., 2009). Unreliable data storage occurs when data is stored on unreliable media that will be impossible to recover if data is lost. Inconsistent use of encryption keys will lead to both loss of the data and unauthorized access of the data by illegal users, resulting to de struction of sensitive and confidential information. An example of data loss is the case of twitter hacks. Twitter online hackers accessed accounts and numerous sensitive corporate documents housed in Googles online web office service Google Docs were stolen. The security of twitter data was not efficient enough, since the entire company data was only a single password crack away from discovery. This shows the effect of a data leakage on a brand, its reputation and the trust of partners, employees and users. Loss of core intellectual property has noncompliance and legal consequences beside the competitive and financial implications involved (Farell, 2008). Cloud providers need to specify backup strategies and generate strong key generation, management, storage and destruction practices. The integrity of data in transit should be protected and such data should be encrypted if possible (Flavio Roberto, 2010). API access should be strongly controlled, while providers should be expected to wipe persistent media before releasing it into the pool. Account or Service Hijacking Account or service hijacking occurs when hackers gain unauthorized access and control users accounts usually by using stolen credentials. Such attacks include fraud, phishing and exploitation of software vulnerabilities. Attackers can use stolen credentials and spy on users sensitive activities, return falsified information, redirect information to illegitimate sites, manipulate data and hence compromise the integrity, confidentiality and availability of the cloud computing services (George, 2011). Attackers are using users accounts as a new base to leverage cloud service providers reputation by launching constant attacks. Monitoring should be proactive to detect unauthorized activity and prohibit users and services from sharing credentials. Clients should also understand the security policies of cloud providers. Unknown Risk Profile With the innovation of cloud computing, organizations are less involved with acquiring and/or maintain hardware and software. However, users need to understand software versions, code updates, intrusion attempts and other security practices (Hicks, 2009a). While these features and their functionality may be well advertised when adopting cloud-computing services, the details of compliance to the internal security procedures, patching, auditing, logging and configuration hardening may not be clear. Users need clarification about how and where their data and related logs are stored since an unknown risk profile may include serious threats. Infrastructural details should be partially or fully disclosed, as well as should the logs and data. Cloud Computing Vulnerabilities Several significant vulnerabilities exist that organizations should consider beforee they start to use cloud computing services as described below. Session Riding and Hijacking Session hijacking refers to the use of a valid session to obtain unauthorized access to the information in a computer system or theft of a user authentication cookie used in accessing a remote server. The cookie is also used in web application technologies weaknesses in the web application structure and is easily accessible to hackers, giving them an opportunity to carry out a wide variety of malicious activities (Brohi Bamiah, 2011). Session riding refers to hackers sending commands to web applications on behalf of users by tricking the targeted user. Hackers send an email to the user or coerce him to visit a specially crafted website. Session riding executes online transactions, deletes user data, and sends spam to an intranet through the internet. Other outcomes of session riding are changes to the system and network configurations as well as opening the firewall (Tim et. al., 2009). Additionally, web technologies and refinement evolve new ways of compromising data, provide access to otherwise secure networks and pose threats to the smooth running of online business. Virtual Machine Escape Cloud computing servers make use of the same web applications, OS and enterprise as localized VMs and physical servers. The probability of a malware or hacker to remotely exploit vulnerabilities in these systems and applications is a great threat to virtualized cloud computing environments (Hartig, 2009). Locating multiple VMs jointly increases the attack surface and the risk of compromise from VM to VM. Security systems should be capable of detecting intrusion and malicious activity at VM level, regardless of where the VM is located within the virtualized cloud environment. VM escape is a significant vulnerability that enables guest-level VM to attack the host VM. An attacker runs a code on a VM allowing an OS to run within it to break out and interact with the hypervisor (Schreiber, 2004). This enables an attacker to access the host OS and all other VMs running on that particular host. The complexity of Hypervisors and VMs may increase the threat to attack surface that weakens security, such as check pointing, migration of VMs and paging. Reliability and Availability of Service Another significant cloud computing vulnerability is reliability and availability. In the event of glitches in infrastructure such as failure to cloud storage, data may be inaccessible or even lost (Flavio Roberto, 2010). With more services being developed on top of cloud, computing infrastructures, a failure or outage can create a domino effect by interrupting many internets based applications and services. This raises questions such as what forms of settlement exist for stakeholders in cases of failures, what is the responsibility of cloud providers and what procedures should be put in place to overcome these issues. Insecure Cryptography Organizations have come up with algorithms and cryptographic mechanisms as means to secure their data. However, attackers have discovered means to decode these security mechanisms and hack them. This is so because it is common for crucial flaws to exist in the implementation of cryptographic algorithms, which can change strong encryption into weak encryption that is vulnerable to attack (Spitzner, 2011). Although VMs provide more flexible and efficient set-up than traditional servers in cloud providers data centers, they still lack enough access to generate random numbers required to properly encrypt a data, and this becomes a big problem. How do computers generate truly random numbers that cannot be replicated or guessed? In PCs, mouse movements and key strokes are monitored by an OS to gather bits of a data that is collected in an entropy pool (Underwood, 2012). In servers with neither a mouse nor a keyboard, random numbers are pulled from the movements of the computers hard drive. According to Schreiber (2004), the random numbers gathered from the movements of VMs internal clock is not enough to generate strong encryption keys. Data Protection and Portability Services are offered on contractual bases between a client and the provider. However, it is not clear what happens when the contract is terminated and the client does not want to continue. Is the clients sensitive data going to be deleted or is it going to be misused by the provider. The other issue is what would happen to the services and the clients data if the provider were to go out of business for any reason. Data portability therefore becomes a main weakness in cloud computing (Karthick et. al., 2011) Vendor Lock In New business models and immature service providers has raised the risk of business failure. Lock-in makes a client unable to deal with another provider without a good amount of switching costs due to dependence on one provider for products and services. Before the process of selecting a provider, clients need to be sure of their potential provider (Hartig, 2009). Clients may also remain locked in to one provider due to lack of standards. They do not have the freedom to migrate easily from one provider to another because of the heterogeneous policies and standards set by each provider. Cloud computing is dependent on the internet technology where users access services via the web browser. With internet outage, critical clients systems and operations such as healthcare that are supposed to run 24 hours cannot be accessed, and the outcome could be disastrous. Cloud computing is flexible, multi-shared and scalable with a high capacity that gives business an innovative shape. However, these benefits are reduced by the vulnerabilities and threats that face the cloud. Significant contributions are required to ensure the safety of this technology and its development (Siani, 2009). In-depth security mechanisms and policies need to be designed to counter these threats and vulnerabilities and ensure the security of users and maintain their trust. Buy custom Cloud Computing essay

Private law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Private law - Essay Example union between Springer and the relatives made it possible for her to regain her health and continued to move together as a group in the waters (Henderson, 151-161). The issue raised in the story has raised the emotions of the readers. Luna the most loved whale dies in British Columbia waters. The orphaned whale had won the heart of many whale lovers around the world the globe. The appearance of the young killer whale at Nootka had attracted much attention from the media around the world. The whale enjoyed developing relationship with people and played with anything around it including the boats. The close relationship between the whale and the humans was, unfortunately, the cause of its death. The young Luna was killed had been killed by a boats propeller in 2006. Even though the occurrence saddened many people, a few individuals were relieved since the animal’s curious behavior had resulted in number problems that had not yet been resolved. Luna’s playfulness had destroyed many boats creating conflicts with the boat owners. The challenges were difficult to determine by fisheries officers (Henderson, 160-162). Groc was not success ful in avoiding emotional response. The writer tried to explain the issues that may have led to the whale being lonely. The writer continued to explain how the whale had struggled to develop a relationship with the human beings. It was desirable for the writer to produce an emotional response with an intention of keeping the reader on the track. The authors desire to look at the issues objectively and equitably were effectively achieved. She explains how the orphaned whale had developed friends and enemies in different measures. Despite the whale struggling to build a relationship with humans, she was killed by the same people that she used to play with. I totally agree that humans were responsible for the demise of the orphaned Luna, since the whale was discovered; it was always struggling to develop a relationship with persons, a

Philosophy - sexism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosophy - sexism - Essay Example This concept marks the drawing line between having a male and female within a society. It is on this basis that Frye is trying to show that sexism and gender is a very significant matter. According to her prepositions and perceptions, various actions between men and women lead us to believe that women are very different, that sex/gender is the most important thing, and that these behaviors must represent something biologically about women (Frye). Reading through Frye’s concepts, it becomes clear that children that are born with imperfectly formed genitals, a body that’s doesn’t seem to develop towards â€Å"the norm† of the gender, are given cosmetics, surgeries, medicines, therapies, etc in order to fit the picture sharply towards the gender. It is like they’re being punished. This probably is one of the most interesting parts within the reading. What’s more, it is the demand of the world that suggested all this. This follows the fact that all these have been planted in our conscious

Human Resources processes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resources processes - Essay Example Finally, employee and union relations are significant to set up the mutual promise required among constituents in a winning organization (Loesch, L. C. 2005). More and more, human resource management activities performed by managers and employees all through an organization in these areas are imperative to spirited performance. Just as information management, excellence improvement, monetary management, and other functions are becoming dim all through an organization, so is the management of human resources. It's flattering everyone's job to build an organization that learns rapidly, adapts fast to change, is staffed suitably, and performs efficiently. The strength of this addition is represented at General Electric, where "Every attempt of every man and woman in the company is focused on satisfying customers' needs ( Kirkpatrick, D. 2006, 54-59). To frame our orientation in a sensible approach to evaluate teacher performance, this research propose borrowing from the realm of corporate, industrial, and adult training and using Kirkpatrick's (1959a, 1959b,1960a,1960b) four level model of training evaluation. This model of evaluation has been the majority reviewed and practical guide to assessing the efficiency of training in the mature world of work since its beginning in 1959. In this research training and development, Kirkpatrick reviews the model and notes that small of the content has distorted. He still posits that the efficiency of training, and this paper propose teaching, is best assess at four increasingly difficult and precious levels. These are the response level, the learning level, the performance level, and the consequences level (Kirkpatrick, 1959a). The rest of this research will define these levels how every can be used to assess the performance of gurus. Integrating Human Resource Strategy and Business Strategy A main way to attain addition is to recognize and address people-related issues in the usual course of managing the business and as part of the strategic planning procedure. Moreover, human resource issues commendable of management attention are as essential to the success of commerce as marketing, operations, technology, monetary, or any other issues. Nowadays, almost all business issues have people implications; all human resource issues have commerce implications. Furthermore, strategies, counting human resource strategies, may be more or less open, near- or long-term, general or exact, depending on the state of affairs. They give plans for actions that will achieve under attack results under conditions of change. Richard Pascale has distinct plan as "all the things essential for the winning functioning of an association as an adaptive device". Strategies are effectual when significant commerce issues are resolved or turn out to be less significant and are replaced by new up-and-coming issues. In this background, human resource strategies play a dangerous role in formative the ability of a business to manage wanted change. No doubt, human resource staff and operating managers be supposed to work together as partners in defining and addressing commerce issues and their human resource insinuation. An opportunity for addition is

Event Planning for Homeless Charity

Event Planning for Homeless Charity Michelle VillaruzBryan Rodriguez Tommy ThuChris Serrano Giveaways: A Charity Event Helping the Homeless Mission: Accomplish a well done community service for our nations neighborhoods that are experiencing homelessness and initiate an essential way of getting resources. Project Description: Conception The homeless need food, drinks, and bath and body essentials. Planning Catering to up to 75 homeless individuals, complete all tasks in three weeks. Retrieve $600 funds (Donations, Salvation Army, (San Francisco) Department of Homelessness and Supportive Housing) Start collecting goods and equipment (tents, tables, trash bags) to set up the charity event Find volunteers (product counter, assistants, drivers) Promote Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, date and time TBD Execution The turn out of the charity event goes well with the homeless retrieving their goods. Termination Clean up. Project Product: Homeless retrieving food, drinks, and hygiene products. Milestones: Funds and donations retrieved Resources complete (Volunteers, perishable items, equipment (tents, tables and trash bags, etc.) Make a website (Facebook page) + other promotions Search for a safe neighborhood park Set up date, time, check weather The turn up is real and moving well Assumptions: Everything goes as planned with cost, resources and time. If we do not make $600 in funds, well set another date for the event until we do If we do not have enough resources (volunteers, equipment, items) well make do with what we have Proposal Outline for Charity Event Helping the homeless Giveaways Executive Summary Homelessness is a huge issue in San Francisco Bay Area as well as the United States as a whole. Unfortunately, there are approximately 600,000 Homeless in America alone. Our team leader Bryan has requested ways to potentially fundraise for homeless and create ideas for a solution to homeless. His request includes different methods such as researching and fundraising. To create these ideas a basic knowledge on homelessness was needed. This included what it was like to be homeless and how some people became homeless. After gaining some knowledge of homelessness it was necessary to find ways to both raise awareness for homelessness as well as ways to fundraise for our non-profit organizations Fund. Problem a brief statement of the problem or need (one to two paragraphs) The homeless need food, drinks, and bath and body products and we will hold a charity event that will cater to their needs. Solution a short description of the project that includes what will take place, the benefit, how and where it will operate / work, for how long and who will staff it (one to two paragraphs) Well collect donations (food, drinks, bath and body products) and purchase water bottles. Funding requirements an explanation of the amount of money required for the project and future funding plans (one paragraph) The Salvation Army, The San Francisco Department of Homelessness and Supportive Housing are who we are planning on getting funds from. Well be collecting essential donations. Organization and its expertise -name, history, purpose, activities and capacity to carry out the proposal(one paragraph) Giveaways is a charity event held to cater to the homeless. It will be held in neighborhood parks. Donations of food, drinks, and hygiene products will be given away. Our team of volunteers will help make this work. With some funding from the Salvation Army and the SF Dept. of Homelessness and Supportive housing, we hope to carry out these good deeds. Statement of Need Three paragraphs that allow the reader to learn more about the issues, presents the facts and evidence that support the need for the project and establishes that your non-profit understands and can address the problem. -Use accurate, specific facts / data to support the project and illustrate the need. -Provide an example that hits home. -Provide hope (i.e. dont just talk about how bad run-off from development, emphasize what can be done about it) -Put a human face on it, provide real life examples and emphasize the needs of those served We need funds, donations, equipment, volunteers to successfully cater to the homeless. Project Description (See Above) Nuts and bolts of the project -Describe the project in a way that is interesting / compelling -Five sections OObjectives Define measurable improvements in behavior, performance, process or a tangible item that will result from the project. OMethods A detailed description of the activities leading to achieving the objectives that includes how, when (project timeline), and why the methods will work. OStaffing / Administration A short description of the number of staff, their qualifications and what they will be doing. OEvaluation A description of how the organization and the funder will know the project is a success. What methods will be used to evaluate success? What types of measures -qualitative or quantitative? Remember that success is not just completing a list of activitieswhat is the impact of the activity on achieving the objectives? Who will measure success? OSustainability Since funders rarely want to make a long term commitment to one organization, they want to know that the project will attract other funders. Evidence of current funding (for larger projects) is helpful and may be requested. Budget Provide a summary of direct and indirect expenses, as well as anticipated revenue, for the completion of the project. For ease of understanding, this summary is usually in the form of a chart and includes narrative to explain anything unusual. Estimated Labor Volunteers Estimated Materials 200 Estimated Contractors None Estimated Equipment and Facilities 400 Estimated Travel 15 Total Estimated Cost 815 Organizational Information (See Above) History, mission, and project fit within the mission, structure, programs and expertise, board, activities, staff, audience served, special needs of audience, why we are needed, and number of people reached through our programs. (one to two pages, maximum) Conclusion A concluding paragraph or two that is used to make a final pitch for the project. Everything goes as planned. Resources, cost, and time are met. Our clients (the homeless in San Francisco) have retrieved their essentials. Standard Proposal Letter Outline (a short version of the full length proposal) Ask for the gift -why you are writing and the funding request   Ã‚  

Hunger Of Memory Essay -- essays research papers

The theme of separation is an important development in the novels Hunger of Memory and How the Garcia Girls lost their Accent. The novels deal with separation differently. For Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez, the separation allows Richard to move from the private world to the public world. Here, separation is a movement for a solution, which is citizenship. In How the Garcia Girls Lost their Accent by Julia Alvarez, the separation is an effect from Antojo. Richard Rodriguez immediately recognizes the separations in his early life. He considers the inside of his house to be private and the outside of his house to be public. His family and the Spanish language belong to his private society. It contains a feeling of intimacy and a sense of belonging. The los gringos, school and the English language are associated with the pubic society. Several other kinds of separation emerge from this separation of public and private society. There are separations of sound and word, female and male, and reason and affection. Richard believes it is natural to move from one separation into another. He needs to do this in order to move from the private to the public society. This movement is voluntary by Richard and forced by his parents. It is done to help Richard’s education. It will give him better opportunities in the United States. Speaking only English at home initiates the movement, instead of speaking Spanish. Ultimately, Richard can have a sense of belonging to the pu...

Food Inc, opinion paper Essay

Question 1: Based on your viewing of Food, Inc., how does your view of â€Å"farm-fresh† and other marketing messages that suggest a more organic flow of food products relate to the realities of 21st-century marketing channels for food? The American Marketing Association defines marketing as â€Å"the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large† (https://www.ama.org/AboutAMA/Pages/Definition-of-Marketing.aspx). The marketing mix consists of product, price, place, promotion, which means that a company needs to sell the right product at the right price and in the right place, using the best promotion. Because of all of this, â€Å"farm-fresh† and organic foods must fight in the marketplace against traditionally farmed foods. Looking at the product: what exactly makes a food organic? Organic can mean different things to different people, and even has a different meaning between companies. According to organic.org, the USDA defines organic food as that which is produced with emphasized use of renewable resources, plus conservation of soil and water. Organic food is produced without conventional pesticides, fertilizers made with synthetics or waste, bioengineered, or ionized radiation. â€Å"Organic meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products come from animals that are given no antibiotics or growth hormones† (http://www.organic.org/home/faq). A government-approved certifier must inspect farms where organic foods are grown to assure that the farmer follows all USDA rules and meets organic standards. Price is a large factor when most people go grocery shopping, especially during these tough economic times. Many, including myself, can argue that organic or â€Å"farm-fresh† foods are just too expensive to buy on a regular basis, or even at all. Personally, I will buy whichever brand is cheapest, without paying attention to where or how it is produced. According to organic.org, one should consider the following facts when wondering why an organic product might cost more than it’s traditionally grown counterpart: Conventional farmers receive federal subsidies, while organic farmers do not, so the price of organic food reflects the true cost of growing. Environmental cleanups, that we pay for with our tax dollars, is not reflected in conventional food. Organic production is more labor and management intensive. And finally, organic farms do not benefit from the economies of scale that larger, more conventional farmers receive. The placement of organic foods is generally next to conventional foods in most grocery stores. Some stores may have a separate organic section, or the organic product could be placed next to its conventionally grown counterpart. Some grocery stores, such as Natural Grocers, only sell USDA approved organic or naturally grown produce and meat, and would not be concerned with placement. Organic foods are generally promoted as being more nutritious than conventional foods. Although, organic.org admits that there is not research to back this claim, at this time, there are studies that show that organic food has a higher nutritional value. This makes since, considering they are grown more naturally, with less chemicals. This film does expose something about organic or â€Å"farm-fresh† foods: the American food industry is supposed to be protected by the USDA and FDA, but they have been allowing these suppliers to focus on profit and put aside consumer health, the environment, and worker safety. Question 2: Based on your answer to Question 1, are you likely to change how and where you procure your foods (i.e., grocery stores, farmers’ markets, fast-food outlets)? Please explain your reasons. I have never been concerned about how my food was made or where it came from. I have never paid attention to organic foods, GMOs, all-natural, or anything related to the production of the foods I eat. As far as I know, my parents never paid attention to these things either. Because of this, â€Å"farm-fresh† and other marketing of organic foods has not affected me. I just purchase the foods that I want and pay no attention to whether they are â€Å"farm-fresh†, organic, locally grown, etc. I will buy whatever is cheapest,  not whatever is healthiest, most natural, or whatever. My opinion and food purchasing habits will most likely not change after viewing this movie. This question reminds me of high school health class, where we had to watch â€Å"Supersize Me.† Everyone started saying how gross it is, that they are never eating at McDonalds again, or whatever other promises they were making. All I could think was that I could totally go for some McNuggets after school that day! I guess it is just because I have never worried about where the food I eat comes from. However, I have always paid attention to salmonella and E. coli recalls. I remember not eating beef or spinach or peanut butter when there was an outbreak in their plants, because why would I want to get sick? So, I would say no, I will not change where or how I procure my groceries. I will not say that I did not get sad watching those little baby chicks die, or the chickens getting slung around. And those poor cows getting slaughtered, and that one that had that hole and the guy was digging around in her stomach, and said that she was not in pain†¦how does he know?! He’s just cut a big hole in her and is sticking his hand in her stomach, and she cannot tell you that she is in pain! Question 3: Finally, do you think there are any ethical and/or social responsibility issues that confront marketing channels for food distribution? Chicken are manipulated to grow bigger breasts, tomatoes are genetically engineered to not go bad by being picked while they are green, then ripened with chemicals. Tens of thousands of Americans get sick from new strains of E. coli every year. Levels of obesity are shooting upwards, and diabetes in adults and children have reached epidemic proportions. If Americans knew how corporations used subsidies and exploited laws to make more money, would they think more carefully about what they are eating? The truth is, most people have no clue where their foods come from. Below, I will list secrets and other things that the public should know about the food that they are putting into their bodies. I found a list on www.takepart.com (http://www.takepart.com/photos/food-inc-facts/the-impact-of-food-inc-lives-on-) of 18 â€Å"Food, Inc.† facts that everyone should know, which I have compared  with my notes and compiled the following paragraphs. I feel that if everyone was aware of these facts, it would increase the social responsibility of these companies, and people would have trust in them. These facts pertain to the slaughterhouses and meat packers. In the 1970s, the top five beef packers controlled about 25% of the market, while today, more than 80% of the market is controlled by the top four. In the 1970s, there were thousands of slaughterhouses producing the majority of beef sold, while today, there are only 13. In 1972, the FDA conducted 50,000 food safety inspections. Approximately 32,000 hogs a day are killed in Smithfield Hog Processing Plant in Tar Heel, NC, the largest slaughterhouse in the world. In 2006, the FDA only conducted 9,164. These facts pertain to Monsanto and the USDA. Prior to renaming itself an agribusiness company, Monsanto was a chemical company. In 1996 when Monsanto introduced Round-Up Ready Soybeans, the company controlled only 2% of the U.S. soybean market. Now, over 90% of soybeans contain Monsanto’s patented gene in the United States. In 1998, the USDA implemented microbial testing for salmonella and an E. coli strain so that the USDA could shut down the plant if they repeatedly failed these tests; the USDA no longer has this power after being taken to court by the meat and poultry associations. These facts pertain to the FDA, USDA, and congressmen. During the Bush administration, the head of the FDA was the former executive vice president of the National Food Processors Association. Also during the Bush administration, the chief staff at the USDA was the former chief lobbyist for the beef industry in Washington. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas was an attorney at Monsanto from 1976-1979; after his appointment to the Supreme Court, Justice Thomas wrote the majority opinion in a case that helped Monsanto enforce its seed patents. The SB63 Consumer Right to Know measure, requiring all food derived from cloned animals to be labeled as such, passed the California state legislature before being vetoed in 2007 by Governor Schwarzenegger, who said that he couldn’t sign a bill that pre-empted federal law. The rest of these facts are just interesting. The average chicken farmer (with two poultry houses) invests over $500,000, but only makes $18,000 a year. The average American eats over 200 pounds of meat each year. The modern supermarket stocks, on average 47,000 products, most of which are being produced by only a handful of food companies. About 70% of processed have some genetically modified ingredients. According to the American Diabetes Association, 1 in 3 Americans born after 2000 will contract early onset diabetes. Among minorities, the rate will be 1 in 2. E. coli and salmonella outbreaks have been more frequent in America. In 2007, there were 73,000 people wicked by the E. coli bacteria. Organics is the fastest growing food segment, increasing 20% annually.

Battle of Princeton essays

Battle of Princeton essays The Battles of Trenton and Princeton In the fall of 1776, Washington and his men were camping out in New York City after the defeat they suffered in Long Island. The soldiers shivered around the campfires night after night without shoes, blankets, or winter uniforms. Washington knew that being surrounded by water left him and his 19,000 troops extremely vulnerable to the British with their naval mobility and larger forces. On November 21, 1776 Washington moved his troops south joining the troops from Fort Lee. He then continued the journey into Newark, New Jersey and waited there for a militia to rally, but few showed up. The next leg of this journey would take them to New Brunswick, leaving on the 28th, just as the British were arriving in Newark. Then on December 1st, the British forces moved to New Brunswick and Washington repositioned his men to Princeton. On their way to Princeton, Washington had his men destroy all bridges and cut down trees behind them to delay the British who were in pursuit of the American army. Once they had reached Princeton, the Americans fell back to Trenton along the Delaware River, which is the border with Pennsylvania. Then on December 2nd, two thousand Pennsylvania militiamen joined Washington at Trenton. Most men decided to stay home to protect their families from the enemy and any valuable possessions from the British and Hessians. The British and Hessians at this time were destroying Jersey homes, farms and possessions as they moved through the state. As Washington moved to Princeton, General Greene was faced with the advancing British and was forced to retreat. Joining Washington, the combined army now moved back to Trenton and then across the river. Washington had every boat that could be found moved to safety across to the Pennsylvania side. Reaching the Delaware on the 8th, Howe positioned himself across the river. After the search for boats up and down the river fail...

The environmental factors that effect turnip peroxidase Essays

The environmental factors that effect turnip peroxidase Essays The environmental factors that effect turnip peroxidase Paper The environmental factors that effect turnip peroxidase Paper The changing of pH, substrate concentrations, temperature, and an inhibitor (Niacin) and the effects it hade on the enzyme turnip peroxides. Enzymes are biological catalysts which increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energies of substrates. A substrate is a reactant that interacts with the enzyme. The enzyme and substrate can be viewed as the recently discovered induced fit model, which suggests enzymes are flexible and dynamic things that change their shape so all these substrates (reactants) can become catcalled when the activation energy is lowered and the reactions happen a lot faster. Sometimes in cells though it may not need a particular substrate (reactant) so an inhibitor comes into play. Inhibitors are basically regulators that inhibit (disallow) the process of catalysis to take place within a particular substrate. There are two types of inhibitors that occur in such reactions. Competitive inhibitors are remarkably similar to the substrate, so much that it can match interchangeably with the substrate, thus leading to a halt in the production of the intended product. Another variety of inhibitor is the electric inhibitors. Electric inhibitors change the shape of the enzyme by binding to a different site other the active site, which is the usual site for catalysis. Usually the electric inhibitors make contact with the side of the enzyme opposite the active site. In some occasions however an electric activator is introduced and functions by connecting to the enzyme in a way that it allows for easy access for a substrate to the active site. Electric activators are the opposite of electric inhibitors. These regulators (both inhibitive and active in function) help keep the cell in homeostasis by not allowing too much or too little of a added or not needed product to be produced.. Enzyme activity is also regulated by cofactors which are either metal ions (e. G. Zen+, MGM+) or small organic molecules (e. G. Commence A, AND, NADIA, and many vitamins in our diet like iron). Cofactors main is to work together with enzymes to enhance the catalytic activity and by stabilizing the transition state. The transition state is the second of three steps of catalytic action of an enzyme. The transition state and termination state are important in regards to cofactors because the cofactors allow interactions between the enzyme and substrate lowering the activation energy required. The goal of the following paper is to inform you the reader on how environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, salt (an electrolyte), and how substrate concentration itself effects the rate of reaction and properties of turnip peroxides. If optimal rates of reaction can be determined for each parameter, perhaps a farmer can grow his turnips more effective and efficiently rather than if he didnt know that surrounding temperature, pH, cofactors, and inhibitors can effect the outcome of how much crop yielded. Turnip peroxides may be insignificant to us because its just a part of a urn but we must realize that the following experiments can and do affect us just as much if not more than these lifeless turnips. Inside our bodies right now things are being catcalled and pH. Enrapture, the amount of a particular substrate, and the presence of electrolytes (or absence of) can effect how we function from day to day. For instance if you over eat if you over eat, your body can only release so many digestive enzymes to break down this food (which can be seen as the substrate) so rate of reaction doesnt increase because their isnt enough digestive enzymes to digest this ridiculous amount of food. Thus an increase a digestive enzym es can catalyst more food leading to higher rate of reaction and less of a tummy ache. So the wise choice would be to eat small portions of food (substrate) so the digestive enzymes can breakdown evenly the food and produce energy for the body rather than wasting energy to breakdown the large amount of food. Thus the common hypothesis is that an increase in substrate concentration will effect peroxides activity. The null hypothesis is that the concentration of substrate will no effect on activity. PH is derived from the French puissant d hydrogen, or power of hydrogen . (biological science). The pH scale is a scale that indicates whether a substance is acidic or basic. The scale ranges from pH zero (acidic) to pH 14(basic). An example of an acidic product is lemon juice and milk of magnesia would be a base. Products are considered acidic because they give up protons during chemical reactions while basic receive protons. (Biological science). Neutral 7 is the point of reference. An example of a neutral solution would be rain water. Knowing the natural pH of turnip peroxides would be interesting to see whether its acidic or basic and to see what affect the two actors (acidic or basic) have on rate of reaction. The following information led the group to believe that the effect of pH activity will increase or decrease the natural pH of turnip peroxides and effect activity. The null hypothesis is that pH will have no effect on peroxides activity. The effect of temperature on an enzyme depends on the plant. Some plants can exist and grow hot climate like the desert and others can grow in cold climates respectively. Plants are said to be incapable of adjusting to internal temperature so it must be flexible to allow growth to occur when the Enrapture outside is optimal. To figure out optimal temperature for turnip peroxides could lead to better methods of choosing climates for the harvest of these turnips. An important term to know when it comes to temperature and the protein property of the peroxides is the term denatured. Denomination OCCUrs when an enzyme (with protein properties) is misfiled and rendered inactive. High temperatures usually lead to denominations because the increase in temperature essentially cooks the protein in the peroxides. Thus the increase in temperature will either increase peroxides activity of hinder it. The null hypothesis would that temperature will not effect activity. Salt is an electrolyte. Meaning the salt molecules (Niacin) will dissolve completely in water and individual and opposite charges will be a byproduct. Thus the amino acid property of peroxides can be affected by the An+ and CLC- ions. Denomination can occur is exposed to a high concentration of salt. Knowing the natural salt content of the turnip peroxides and adding more or less quantities can tell us when the peroxides becomes highly active and eventually denatured. The concentration of salt effects peroxides activity. The null hypothesis is that it doesnt. The equipment needed to test the parameters of the enzyme activity include a spectrophotometer set at Mann, civets, pipettes with pipettes , pipette tips, paraffin squares, blender, Kim wipes. To get the spectrophotometer ready to read our reaction, we need to first set the wavelength to Mann. Then set front left knob to 0%(no light). Insert the reference blank (with water) then set to 100%(no light block). Hen finally you can insert the sample tube into the chamber and red absorbent from the lower scale and the front of the spectrophotometer. Note: be sure to use Kim wipes on civets to prevent fingerprints that could throw off data). Regents or chemicals needed include hydrogen peroxide (1 percent H2O from 3% stock solution), turnip peroxides, glacial, pH buffers, and NCAA. To obtain turnip peroxides the lab instructor blended g of turnip into mm of water then filtered through a pa filter. T o obtain the correct amount of substrate (h2o) and NCAA, the CIVIC ;c.v. equation was necessary. C equals concentration and v equals volume in the equation. To test the effect the effect of pH on reaction rate we prepared 4 sets of action mixtures that contained glacial, h2o, peroxides. And 4 civets containing P HAS 2, 5, 7, and 10. (Note: mix peroxides last because the reaction happens immediately). The cavetti with h2o and glacial are mixed and added to a blank. The pH 2 is then poured in the blank as well. Then finally the peroxides is added. With paraffin covered over the cavetti the mix is inverted a couple of time to mix. The solution will turn brown due to the loss of hydrogen of glacial. Immediately after mixture insert the civets into already set spectrophotometer. Once set begin recording absences (start at zero) every 15 seconds until three minutes have elapsed-after reading values for three minutes discard the mixture appropriately in the waste beaker and clean civets. Now you can test PHS 5,7, 10. To test the effect of substrate concentration on peroxides activity different concentrations of substrate, peroxides glacial and h2o (the substrate) are needed. The procedures of adding chemicals (different amounts for h2o) and peroxides apply. Begin recording absorbency (start at zero) every 15 seconds until three minutes have elapsed. After reading values for three minutes discard the mixture appropriately in the waste beaker and clean civets. Unknown can test PHS 5,7,10. To test the effect of temperature the same amounts of peroxides, glacial, h2o, are used instead of using different pHs we used just pH 7. To regulate temperatures we used water/ice baths a 71 degrees Celsius. All solutions but the indicator (glacial) need to be at the temperatures. When ready the tubes sitting in the baths can be mixed (1 cavetti with h2o and pH 7 buffer, glacial, and finally peroxides) and set in the spectrophotometer. Begin recording absorbency (start at zero) every 1 5 seconds until three minutes have elapsed. After reading values for three minutes discard the mixture appropriately in the waste beaker and clean civets To test the effects of NCAA activity simply get 1 ml solutions of and 2 percent concentrations of 5% stock solution using call=c.v.. Follow same instructions as done for the temperature experiment and remember to mix the enzyme last so you get accurate results. Begin recording absorbency (start at zero) every 15 seconds until three minutes have elapsed. After eating values for three minutes discard the mixture appropriately in the waste beaker and clean civets. Figure 1 . Graph of absorbency of tubes in which salt was added to the assays that already contained a pH buffer (2. 1 ml), h2o (. 2 ml), turnip peroxides(l ml) and ecological(. Ml). Discussion PH had the lowest absorbent and had pH 10 had the highest. Thus peroxides is more prone to being a base. In the varying concentration levels of hydrogen peroxide on peroxides activity showed 2% to be the least active while 1% had the highest rate of reaction. This shows that an increase of the OIC Hahn results in a decrease of inactivity due to denomination. In the affect of temperature on enzyme activity as temperature went up so did the reaction but at the expense of denaturing of the peroxides. For the NCAA effect on peroxides activity showed increase for absorbent for all percentages and at 3% of . 1 ml of salt had the greatest absorbent. This shows that an increase or decrease of 3 hundredths of a ml of NCAA solution is going to denature the turnip peroxides. The hypothesis of each parameter was approved and the null was mulled. NCAA concentration indeed have an effect on the peroxides activity based on the graphs. The temperature did effect whether protein became denatured or not. The higher the pH the more activity occurred in peroxides and showed pH to be optimal for turnip peroxides. The increase of substrate effected the peroxides activity by denaturing the toxic h2o. Some problems were encountered in all the parameters of experimentation. The time between the the transfer of the assays to the spectrophotometeraffects the absorbencys. This could be easily solved by having the assay right by the spectrophotometer to make sure the sample gets in before the enzyme reacts.

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