Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Return of the King

The Return of the King what's more, deservedly gets 9 focuses.

Understanding Management Expense Ratios (MERs), Management Fees and Other Costs

Understanding Management Expense Ratios (MERs), Management Fees and Other Costs Saving your money is not enough. If you want to grow your wealth, you also need to invest your money.There’s no shortage of investment options that you can use to achieve your financial goals.One of these is investing in mutual funds.According to Investopedia, a mutual fund is an investment vehicle where several investors come together and pool their money, with the aim of investing in securities such as bonds, stocks, money market instruments and so on.Mutual funds are managed by a professional money manager, whose aim is to use his/her experience to drive capital gains and income for the investors.Mutual funds are a great investment option for a number of reasons.They are professionally managed, therefore they minimize risk by allowing investors to make money even if they have little understanding of investment in securities.They also provide a great way for investors to diversify their investments.Additionally, mutual funds allow even small investors to get into huge investments .This explains why mutual funds are such a popular investment vehicle. Statistics show that in 2017, 44.5% of United States households had invested in mutual funds.Before investing in a mutual fund, it is important to understand the fees and expenses associated with the fund and their impact on your investment.Fees are a natural part of the personal finance world, and therefore it would seem logical to assume that everyone understands fees.However, most people do not understand the fees associated with mutual funds.One such source of misunderstanding is the difference between the management fee and the management expense ratio.The confusion has been fueled by the uneven disclosure of some ETF and mutual fund providers.In this article, we will look at the difference between the two, as well as other fees and expenses associated with mutual funds.The information about the fees associated with a fund can be found on the fund’s prospectus, as well as other information pertaining to th e fund’s objectives.MANAGEMENT FEEAs the name implies, the management fee, also known as the maintenance fee, is the fees charged for managing the fund.This charge caters for all the expenses associated with managing the investment, such as hiring and retaining portfolio managers and the investment advisory team, supervision of the fund and support.The cost associated with hiring the portfolio manager forms the largest portion of the management fees.This usually falls between 0.5% and 1% of the total fund’s assets under management (AUM). The cost of hiring portfolio managers usually depends on the manager’s reputation, with highly skilled managers driving the costs upwards.In most cases, a trailing commission may also be included as part of the management fee. The trailing fees is an ongoing payment that is made to the advisor’s firm that sold the fund.This fee is paid for as long as you hold the fund and is usually determined by the fund manufacturer. The trailing commissio n covers the following:Access: The cost of the infrastructure that the advisor’s firm provides to support the distribution, sales and servicing of the fund.Advice: This is the expertise provided to clients by the advisor, including things such as portfolio construction, fund recommendation, portfolio rebalancing, continuous monitoring, goal specific planning, tax specific planning, retirement specific planning, and so on.Service: Includes a wide range of services provided by the advisor’s firm, including things like opening and closing of accounts, issuance of account statements and reporting, regulatory compliance activities, client communications, and so on.The management fee is expressed as a percentage of the fund’s average yearly AUM.While the percentage might seem like an insignificant portion of the total assets under management, it can amount to millions for funds with assets under management totaling over a billion.The management fee is a crucial thing to look at beca use it represents the most expensive cost associated with managing a mutual fund.Despite being the largest fund expense, the management fee does not provide an accurate picture of all the costs associated with a fund. In order to get a more accurate representation of expenses associated with a fund, you need to look at the MER.MANAGEMENT EXPENSE RATIO Once you invest in a mutual fund, it is up to you and the other people who have invested in the fund to pay for the costs associated with the administration of the fund.These are expenses associated with operating the fund other than the costs of paying the investment team and the cost of buying and selling securities.Despite these costs not being directly linked with the making of investment decisions, they are necessary in order to ensure the proper running of the fund and to ensure that the fund remains in compliance with the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.These costs are paid through a fee known as the manag ement expense ratio (MER).The MER can simply be defined as the ratio between the sum of the fund’s operating costs and management fee divided by the total value of the fund’s assets under management.The MER is usually expressed as a percentage of the fund’s total AUM. Some of the services and expenses that the MER covers include:Administrative costsMarketing costsEmployee salariesLegal, custodial and audit feesResearch and analytic supportContinuous professional portfolio managementCosts associated with the provincial securities commissionsRegulatory costs: fund facts, simplified prospectus, financial reporting, and so on.Fund valuation costsThe MER also includes something known as the harmonized sales tax (HST).This is a special tax that is charged on the management and administration fees paid to the fund. The rate of HST is dependent on the residences of the people invested in the fund at a certain point in time.The MER is usually paid at fund level, which means that the fee is deducted from the fund’s total assets under management before the calculation of net asset value (or individual share value).Once the MER has been deducted from the total AUM, the value of the remaining assets is then divided by the number of shares to determine the in dividual share value.The MER charged by mutual funds can fall anywhere from below 1% to over 3%.Before investing in a fund, you should always check the performance of the fund and the MER charged by the fund and do comparisons with other similar funds.Information pertaining to the MER can be found on the fund provider’s website or on third party sites. It is good to note that all fund providers will not use similar language to describe the MER, therefore you need to carefully review the prospectus to understand the actual MER charged by the fund.You should also keep in mind that the MER is charged regardless of whether the fund does well or not, including if it decreases in value.While the MER is a better representation of the expenses associated with a fund than the management fee, it does not include all the expenses incurred by the investor.For instance, the MER does not include the costs associated with trading.Below, we look at the other costs that are associated with mutual funds.TRADING EXPENSE RATIO (TER)The trading expense ratio refers to the costs incurred by the fund manager for buying and selling securities.Generally, the more trades the fund manager makes in a given year, the higher the fund’s TER.The trading expense ratio is usually expressed as a percentage of the fund’s total assets under management. For instance, if the fund has a portfolio worth $1 billion and it incurs $10 million in trading commissions in a given year, then the fund’s TER will be expressed as 1%.There are several factors that affect a fund’s TER.For instance, small-cap funds are likely to have a high TER, while large cap finds will have a lower TER. The age and account size of the fund also affect the TER. Larger size funds will enjoy the benefits of scale, leading to significantly a lower TER. New funds are also likely to have a higher TER.In addition, the liquidity of securities also impacts the TER. Fund managers that invest in less liquid securities will incur a higher TER, while investing in highly liquid securities will lower the fund’s TER. It is good to note that the TER is independent from the MER.Since there are a number of factors affecting the TER, you should not evaluate a fund’s TER independently. Instead, you should evaluate it coupled with the skill, strategy, track record and investment style of the fund manager over time.SALES CHARGES Apart from the TER, some mutual funds will also deduct sales charges. These are expenses that are incurred when you buy or redeem shares or units in a mutual fund.These sales charges are also referred to as loads.It is not unusual for some investors to mistake the sales charge for the ongoing trailing commissions that are calculated as part of the MER.However, there is a difference between the two. There are usually four types of sales charge structures associated with mutual funds.These are:Front-end loadThis is also referred to as the initial sales charge (ISC). This is a free that some mutual funds will charge you when you purchase shares or units in the fund.The front-end load is usually expressed as a percentage of the total amount of your investment, and can go as high as 5%. The front-end load is paid to the firm from which you buy the fund.The charge is deducted from the initial amount you contribute to the fund. It is possible to negotiate the initial sales charge with your investment advisor before you make the investment.Back-end loadThis is also referred to as the deferred sales charge (DSC). It is a fee that is charged by some funds whenever you sell your shares or units.If the fund has a deferred sales charge, you do not pay any fee while purchasing your shares. Instead, the charge is pushed (deferred) till you decide to sell the shares.The deferred sales charge can be as high as 6% of your initial investment. However, there are some rules that govern the operation of deferred sales charges.Most deferred sales charges have a fixed decline schedule, whic h means that the longer you hold onto a fund with the SDC structure, the less you will pay when you decide to sell.For most funds using this structure, if you hold onto the fund over a long period (about 5 to 7 years), the deferred sales charge might have dropped to zero, meaning that you will not pay a thing.Some funds also allow you to sell a certain amount of shares (usually 10% of your total investment) annually without having to pay any charges.For funds with a DSC structure, some commission is paid upfront to your advisor’s firm when you buy the shares. Part of this commission will be paid to your advisor.Any charges that you pay as part of the deferred sales charge then go to the fund provider.Low loadThis is also referred to as a low sales charge (LSC).In this structure, you pay a lower sales charge upfront (up to 3% of your total investment) when you purchase your shares, and another low redemption charge (up to 3%) when you decide to dispose of your shares.In some way, t he low sales charge is similar to the deferred sales charge in that the fee keeps diminishing over time.However, the fee diminishes over a shorter time for the low sales charge structure, meaning that if you hold your fund for longer than three years, you won’t have to pay any fees when you sell your shares.No loadIn this structure, no fees are charged for purchasing or selling a fund’s units or shares.However, this does not automatically make the no-load structure the better deal.Before purchasing a fund, take the time to compare the performance and MER of the fund to other similar funds.UNDERSTANDING FUND SERIES AND CLASSES AND THEIR EFFECT ON FEE STRUCTUREYou might have noticed that most mutual funds are categorized in terms of series and classes, which are usually denoted by a letter.The class under which a fund falls has an impact on the fund’s fee structure, as well as other features associated with the fund.While there are no hard rules when it comes to the fee structur e for different series and classes, below are some general guidelines:Series AThis is the most common class that most investors buy into.Series A funds usually have one or more sales charge options, meaning that series A funds are usually expensive.The MERs for most series A funds are also usually higher compared to series F.In spite of this, most investors find themselves buying into this class of funds because it is the one promoted by most investment firms.The higher costs mean more commissions for the firm, hence they prefer to sell more of this class.Series DThis class of funds is usually associated with reduced trailing commissions. This class of funds is usually available to investors who buy fund units through discount brokerage channels.Series FThis class of funds is usually only available to investors who purchase units or shares through an advisor.In most cases, the investor has to pay a single annual fee in exchange for the services of the advisor.Alternatively, some adv isors might have a fee-for-service plan.The investor negotiates directly with the advisor and pays any fees associated with the fund to the advisor.In this case, the fund provider does not pay any commissions to the advisor since the advisor is already charging you for their services.The result is that Series F funds tend to have lower MERs than Series A funds.Series IThis class of funds usually targets high net worth investors who are ready to invest about $500,000 or more. However, the amount depends on the fund provider.In most cases, Series I funds are the preserve of institutional investors, such as pension plans.Other SeriesSometimes, some mutual fund providers will assign other letters of the alphabet to funds that come with some special conditions attached.These kinds of funds are usually only offered to selected investors.UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF THESE COSTS ON YOUR INVESTMENTIs it really worth paying all these fees in exchange for investment advice?According to a study done by the Center for Interuniversity Research and Analysis on Organizations (CIRANO) on behalf of the Investment Funds Institute of Canada (IFIC), households that have had a professional financial advisor for four to six years have 1.58 times more assets compared to identical households that have no financial advisor.The study also shows that the longer the relationships between a household and a financial advisor, the more assets a household is likely to have.While paying these fees in exchange for financial advice is worth it, it is important to keep your fees low if you want to grow your wealth.Before investing in a mutual fund, take the time to review all the fees associated with the fund and go for the fund with the highest returns and least expenses.Obviously, the lower the expenses associated with the fund, the more money you will have when you decide to redeem your investment.While the fee differences between different funds might seem small and insignificant, they can qui ckly add up and grow into huge amounts, especially when you are investing over the long term.To put the impact of these fees into perspective, let us consider two investors putting their money into funds with different MER rates.For our thought experiment, we are going to make the following assumptions:Each investor contributes $1000 into their chosen mutual fund and holds the investment for 10 years.Each fund has a 5% annual rate of return.Investor A invests in a fund with 0.33% MER.Investor B invests in a fund with 2.18% MER.After 10 years, their funds will have performed as follows:Each investor will have contributed $10,000 to their respective fund.The fund value (after MER is deducted) will be $12,952 for investor A and $11,619 for investor B.Investor A will only have paid $220 in fees while investor B will have paid $1367.Investor B will have paid 14% of his total contribution as MER, while investor A will only have paid 2% of his total contribution as MER.The total MER paid w ill represent 12% of total fund value for investor B and only 1.7% for investor A.In this situation, both investors invest the same amount of money for the same duration in funds with the same rate of return but different MERs. Yet, at the end of 10 years, investor A has made a lot more money than investor B.If both investors had invested a huge some, say $100,000, the differences in income would be even more glaring. Therefore, you should always consider the expenses associated with a fund before investing.OPTIONS FOR REDUCING YOUR INVESTMENT COSTSHaving seen the significant impacts of the expenses associated with a professionally managed investment option, you might be wondering if it is possible for you to reduce these expenses and therefore increase your returns.Sure, there are some investment routes that allow you to lower your expenses. One of these is DIY investing. This is where you kick out the professional manager and run your investments on your own.While kicking out your manager will not eliminate all costs associated with managing your portfolio, the expenses will be a lot lower.As a DIY investor, your total expense ratio will fall somewhere between 0.2% and 0.5% of your total investments.On the flip side, you will need to have experience in securities investing in order to become a DIY investor. If you do not know what you are doing, you risk losing all your money.Alternatively, you can lower your costs by taking the robo-advisor route. If you do not have much experience in securities investing but still want to lower your investment costs, this is the best option.With this option, robots and algorithms are used to suggest the best investment options for you.However, everything is not left to the algorithms. If you need help, you can get human assistance remotely, either over phone, email or through chats.While the expenses associated with robo-advisors are higher than DIY investing, they are still lower compared to professionally managed account s.FINAL WORDSaving and investing is important if you want to have enough money by the time you retire.While it is impossible for you to control the markets, understanding the costs associated with investing and minimizing them can significantly increase your wealth by the time you retire.Before making an investment decision, sit down with your advisor and have them explain to you all the various costs associated with a specific fund.Only by understanding these expenses will you be able to make informed decisions.Remember, while these expenses seem like an insignificant payment for the advice you get, they can add up into enormous figures, especially when you are investing huge amounts of money over a long period of time.

The Performance Of The Dancer s Body As An Agent - 975 Words

The performance of the sabar in Senegal, and the performance of improvised social dancing in queer clubs in New York City, exemplify the dancer’s body as an agent and protagonist in each dance form. For queer people, improvised social dancing allows them to experience an embodied confidence that is carried with them in their negotiation of life as a sexual minority. For Senegalese women, dancing in the sabar opens a gateway for them to celebrate their sexuality in a way that challenges the authority of the male gaze. In both social dances there is interaction between the dancer and the music. This interaction produces a level of agency, confidence, and power that is epitomized in their movement. The dancing of the Senegalese women in the sabar, manifests as an empowered agency over their own bodies. In the ethnography, Choreographies of African Identities, Francesca Castaldi explains that â€Å"the gathering of women in the shape of a circle literally opens up a space filled with their expectations and intent†¦[t]hus women physically take over the public space of the city, and supported by the gewels ,†¦ reconstitute it as a sabar dancing circle† (80). This emphasizes the agency of the women dancers in this space. Their physical, womanly presence is what stakes claim over and produces the intention of the space, and the music produced by the gewels is only there to support what the dancers are already doing. Women in sabar events called tannebeers, have the power to dance in aShow MoreRelatedThe Industry Can Cause A Lot Of Trouble For People1681 Words   |  7 PagesMany of the dancers who Roach interviewed were in the industry for financial reasons. 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In the early 70s, a Jamaican, DJ known as Kool Herc attempted to combine his Jamaican style of disk jockey, that involved reciting improvised rhymes over the dub versions of his reggae records (Davey 1). He also invented turntables, which kept the music going, with theRead MoreTheater As An Actor And Makes You Better?5195 Words   |  21 PagesCharacter is developed through practice of everyday living and becomes better over time as it is practiced. â€Å"The sequence of human behavior raises the question of which is preeminent--acts or dispositions. Their interaction is broken by Aristotle s distinction between acts which create good dispositions and acts which flow from the good disposition once it has been created.† The rule of Good character is that every action has a reaction, the results are highly relative to the individual and the

The Impact Of Climate Change On Planet Earth - 1343 Words

The Impact Climate Change Has on Planet Earth In the last few decades, climate change has been a significant scientific and economic controversy for major debates. Some scientists believe they have already given enough research and proof to justify climate change as being a real, prevalent issue while other scientist and politicians thoughtlessly reject the theory altogether. This problem is very important for a few reasons; climate change could potentially define the fate of the entire human race, and because of this we might need to implement new laws regarding emissions of greenhouse gasses that could cost the world trillions of dollars. This subject is no laughing matter, and in today’s world you have to be blind, deaf, and stupid not to believe in it. The amount of research backing up these claims of climate change is irrefutable, but there are fundamental problems with locating the exact cause of it. Scientists are in a battle to discover if humans are the source of climate change or if planet Earth is undergoing a natural cycle that slowly increases the average temperature of itself. All that is known today is that when carbon dioxide and other compounds chemically similar to it are released into the atmosphere, the Earth gets hotter, decreasing the amount of Arctic ice and increasing the sea level. Disregarding money, climate change is a real, and very serious issue that has a tremendous quantity of research supporting it with, unfortunately, a deadly ending if notShow MoreRelatedGlobal Climate Change Causes And Effects On The Environment And The World s Oceans916 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global climate change? Do you think we create this problem in the twentieth-first century to damage our planet. This problem started at the beginning of civilization and became worse during the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century. 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A Woman of No Importance/Mrs. Warren’s Profession Free Essays

Consider the various ways in which Wilde presents the role of women in contemporary society in A Woman of No Importance. Compare and contrast this with Shaw’s presentation of the female characters in Mrs. Warren’s Profession. We will write a custom essay sample on A Woman of No Importance/Mrs. Warren’s Profession or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ensure that you offer alternative viewpoints in your answer as well as demonstrating aspects of the dramatic and theatrical from both texts. In both A Woman of No Importance (1893) and Mrs. Warren’s Profession (1894) texts, there is evidence of shared and contrasting views regarding the role of women in contemporary society presented through characters’ attitudes, and this is particularly significant, considering that both plays were written near the turn of the century in a majorly patriarchal society, when the onset of equal right’s was finally beginning to be considered and the ‘liberated woman’ had surfaced. How exactly did Wilde and Bernard Shaw present this? There much evidence to ponder. An arguably atypical and progressive nature of some of the female characters in both texts is evident within, particularly in that of A Woman of No Importance’s American puritan Hester Worsely, ironically named after adulterous Hester Prynne of the Victorian novel ‘The Scarlet Letter’ (1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne). Hester is very much opposed to the aristocratic nature of the rest of the party and refers to English society as â€Å"shallow, selfish, foolish†, (act II, p33) believing in social and gender equality. This is made clear when she goes on to show her outrage towards unseen infamous Lord Henry Weston, Lady Caroline’s brother, and how they â€Å"are unjust to women in England† and she believes â€Å"If a man and a woman have sinned†¦ †¦let them both be branded†. Her somewhat inappropriately timed speeches suggest her views are regarded as estranged, perhaps due to her bashful naivety, and I believe the perhaps it was Wilde’s intention for Hester to symbolize ‘the New Woman’, and her out of place nature following initial introduction to Victorian society. Hester’s outlook and views on society are not dissimilar to the â€Å"strong, confident, self-possessed,† character of Vivie Warren in ‘Mrs. Warren’s Profession’, who is also a firm believer in the liberation of women and equality of sexes, and whom, after immediate introduction demonstrates uncharacteristically male mannerisms and possessions, â€Å"A lady’s bicycle is propped up against the wall† How to cite A Woman of No Importance/Mrs. Warren’s Profession, Papers A Woman of No Importance/Mrs. Warren’s Profession Free Essays Consider the various ways in which Wilde presents the role of women in contemporary society in A Woman of No Importance. Compare and contrast this with Shaw’s presentation of the female characters in Mrs. Warren’s Profession. We will write a custom essay sample on A Woman of No Importance/Mrs. Warren’s Profession or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ensure that you offer alternative viewpoints in your answer as well as demonstrating aspects of the dramatic and theatrical from both texts. In both A Woman of No Importance (1893) and Mrs. Warren’s Profession (1894) texts, there is evidence of shared and contrasting views regarding the role of women in contemporary society presented through characters’ attitudes, and this is particularly significant, considering that both plays were written near the turn of the century in a majorly patriarchal society, when the onset of equal right’s was finally beginning to be considered and the ‘liberated woman’ had surfaced. How exactly did Wilde and Bernard Shaw present this? There much evidence to ponder. An arguably atypical and progressive nature of some of the female characters in both texts is evident within, particularly in that of A Woman of No Importance’s American puritan Hester Worsely, ironically named after adulterous Hester Prynne of the Victorian novel ‘The Scarlet Letter’ (1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne). Hester is very much opposed to the aristocratic nature of the rest of the party and refers to English society as â€Å"shallow, selfish, foolish†, (act II, p33) believing in social and gender equality. This is made clear when she goes on to show her outrage towards unseen infamous Lord Henry Weston, Lady Caroline’s brother, and how they â€Å"are unjust to women in England† and she believes â€Å"If a man and a woman have sinned†¦ †¦let them both be branded†. Her somewhat inappropriately timed speeches suggest her views are regarded as estranged, perhaps due to her bashful naivety, and I believe the perhaps it was Wilde’s intention for Hester to symbolize ‘the New Woman’, and her out of place nature following initial introduction to Victorian society. Hester’s outlook and views on society are not dissimilar to the â€Å"strong, confident, self-possessed,† character of Vivie Warren in ‘Mrs. Warren’s Profession’, who is also a firm believer in the liberation of women and equality of sexes, and whom, after immediate introduction demonstrates uncharacteristically male mannerisms and possessions, â€Å"A lady’s bicycle is propped up against the wall† How to cite A Woman of No Importance/Mrs. Warren’s Profession, Essay examples

Two gentlemen of Verona Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Two gentlemen of Verona Argumentative Essay A monologue from the play by William Shakespeare LAUNCE: Nay, twill be this hour ere I have done weeping. All the kind of the Launces have this very fault. I have received my proportion, like the prodigious son, and am going with Sir Proteus to the Imperials court. I think Crab, my dog, be the sourest-natured dog that lives. My mother weeping, my father wailing, my sister crying, our maid howling, our cat wringing her hands, and all our house in a great perplexity, yet did not this cruel-hearted cur shed one tear. He is a stone, a very pebble stone, and has no more pity in him than a dog. A Jew would have wept to have seen our parting. Why, my grandam, having no eyes, look you, wept herself blind at my parting. Nay, Ill show you the manner of it. This shoe is my father. No, this left shoe is my father. No, no, this left shoe is my mother. Nay, that cannot be so neither. Yes, it is so, it is so it hath the worser sole. This shoe with the hole in it is my mother, and this my father. A vengeance ont! There tis. Now, sir, this staff i s my sister, for, look you, she is as white as a lily and as small as a wand. We will write a custom essay on Two gentlemen of Verona Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This hat is Nan, our maid. I am the dog. No, the dog is himself, and I am the dog O, the dog is me, and I am myself. Ay, so, so. Now come I to my father: Father, your blessing. Now should not the shoe speak a word for weeping. Now should I kiss my father well, he weeps on. Now come I to my mother. O, that she could speak now like a wood woman! Well, I kiss her why, there tis: heres my mothers breath up and down. Now come I to my sister; mark the moan she makes. Now the dog all this while sheds not a tear nor speaks a word!