Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Return of the King

The Return of the King what's more, deservedly gets 9 focuses.

Understanding Management Expense Ratios (MERs), Management Fees and Other Costs

Understanding Management Expense Ratios (MERs), Management Fees and Other Costs Saving your money is not enough. If you want to grow your wealth, you also need to invest your money.There’s no shortage of investment options that you can use to achieve your financial goals.One of these is investing in mutual funds.According to Investopedia, a mutual fund is an investment vehicle where several investors come together and pool their money, with the aim of investing in securities such as bonds, stocks, money market instruments and so on.Mutual funds are managed by a professional money manager, whose aim is to use his/her experience to drive capital gains and income for the investors.Mutual funds are a great investment option for a number of reasons.They are professionally managed, therefore they minimize risk by allowing investors to make money even if they have little understanding of investment in securities.They also provide a great way for investors to diversify their investments.Additionally, mutual funds allow even small investors to get into huge investments .This explains why mutual funds are such a popular investment vehicle. Statistics show that in 2017, 44.5% of United States households had invested in mutual funds.Before investing in a mutual fund, it is important to understand the fees and expenses associated with the fund and their impact on your investment.Fees are a natural part of the personal finance world, and therefore it would seem logical to assume that everyone understands fees.However, most people do not understand the fees associated with mutual funds.One such source of misunderstanding is the difference between the management fee and the management expense ratio.The confusion has been fueled by the uneven disclosure of some ETF and mutual fund providers.In this article, we will look at the difference between the two, as well as other fees and expenses associated with mutual funds.The information about the fees associated with a fund can be found on the fund’s prospectus, as well as other information pertaining to th e fund’s objectives.MANAGEMENT FEEAs the name implies, the management fee, also known as the maintenance fee, is the fees charged for managing the fund.This charge caters for all the expenses associated with managing the investment, such as hiring and retaining portfolio managers and the investment advisory team, supervision of the fund and support.The cost associated with hiring the portfolio manager forms the largest portion of the management fees.This usually falls between 0.5% and 1% of the total fund’s assets under management (AUM). The cost of hiring portfolio managers usually depends on the manager’s reputation, with highly skilled managers driving the costs upwards.In most cases, a trailing commission may also be included as part of the management fee. The trailing fees is an ongoing payment that is made to the advisor’s firm that sold the fund.This fee is paid for as long as you hold the fund and is usually determined by the fund manufacturer. The trailing commissio n covers the following:Access: The cost of the infrastructure that the advisor’s firm provides to support the distribution, sales and servicing of the fund.Advice: This is the expertise provided to clients by the advisor, including things such as portfolio construction, fund recommendation, portfolio rebalancing, continuous monitoring, goal specific planning, tax specific planning, retirement specific planning, and so on.Service: Includes a wide range of services provided by the advisor’s firm, including things like opening and closing of accounts, issuance of account statements and reporting, regulatory compliance activities, client communications, and so on.The management fee is expressed as a percentage of the fund’s average yearly AUM.While the percentage might seem like an insignificant portion of the total assets under management, it can amount to millions for funds with assets under management totaling over a billion.The management fee is a crucial thing to look at beca use it represents the most expensive cost associated with managing a mutual fund.Despite being the largest fund expense, the management fee does not provide an accurate picture of all the costs associated with a fund. In order to get a more accurate representation of expenses associated with a fund, you need to look at the MER.MANAGEMENT EXPENSE RATIO Once you invest in a mutual fund, it is up to you and the other people who have invested in the fund to pay for the costs associated with the administration of the fund.These are expenses associated with operating the fund other than the costs of paying the investment team and the cost of buying and selling securities.Despite these costs not being directly linked with the making of investment decisions, they are necessary in order to ensure the proper running of the fund and to ensure that the fund remains in compliance with the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.These costs are paid through a fee known as the manag ement expense ratio (MER).The MER can simply be defined as the ratio between the sum of the fund’s operating costs and management fee divided by the total value of the fund’s assets under management.The MER is usually expressed as a percentage of the fund’s total AUM. Some of the services and expenses that the MER covers include:Administrative costsMarketing costsEmployee salariesLegal, custodial and audit feesResearch and analytic supportContinuous professional portfolio managementCosts associated with the provincial securities commissionsRegulatory costs: fund facts, simplified prospectus, financial reporting, and so on.Fund valuation costsThe MER also includes something known as the harmonized sales tax (HST).This is a special tax that is charged on the management and administration fees paid to the fund. The rate of HST is dependent on the residences of the people invested in the fund at a certain point in time.The MER is usually paid at fund level, which means that the fee is deducted from the fund’s total assets under management before the calculation of net asset value (or individual share value).Once the MER has been deducted from the total AUM, the value of the remaining assets is then divided by the number of shares to determine the in dividual share value.The MER charged by mutual funds can fall anywhere from below 1% to over 3%.Before investing in a fund, you should always check the performance of the fund and the MER charged by the fund and do comparisons with other similar funds.Information pertaining to the MER can be found on the fund provider’s website or on third party sites. It is good to note that all fund providers will not use similar language to describe the MER, therefore you need to carefully review the prospectus to understand the actual MER charged by the fund.You should also keep in mind that the MER is charged regardless of whether the fund does well or not, including if it decreases in value.While the MER is a better representation of the expenses associated with a fund than the management fee, it does not include all the expenses incurred by the investor.For instance, the MER does not include the costs associated with trading.Below, we look at the other costs that are associated with mutual funds.TRADING EXPENSE RATIO (TER)The trading expense ratio refers to the costs incurred by the fund manager for buying and selling securities.Generally, the more trades the fund manager makes in a given year, the higher the fund’s TER.The trading expense ratio is usually expressed as a percentage of the fund’s total assets under management. For instance, if the fund has a portfolio worth $1 billion and it incurs $10 million in trading commissions in a given year, then the fund’s TER will be expressed as 1%.There are several factors that affect a fund’s TER.For instance, small-cap funds are likely to have a high TER, while large cap finds will have a lower TER. The age and account size of the fund also affect the TER. Larger size funds will enjoy the benefits of scale, leading to significantly a lower TER. New funds are also likely to have a higher TER.In addition, the liquidity of securities also impacts the TER. Fund managers that invest in less liquid securities will incur a higher TER, while investing in highly liquid securities will lower the fund’s TER. It is good to note that the TER is independent from the MER.Since there are a number of factors affecting the TER, you should not evaluate a fund’s TER independently. Instead, you should evaluate it coupled with the skill, strategy, track record and investment style of the fund manager over time.SALES CHARGES Apart from the TER, some mutual funds will also deduct sales charges. These are expenses that are incurred when you buy or redeem shares or units in a mutual fund.These sales charges are also referred to as loads.It is not unusual for some investors to mistake the sales charge for the ongoing trailing commissions that are calculated as part of the MER.However, there is a difference between the two. There are usually four types of sales charge structures associated with mutual funds.These are:Front-end loadThis is also referred to as the initial sales charge (ISC). This is a free that some mutual funds will charge you when you purchase shares or units in the fund.The front-end load is usually expressed as a percentage of the total amount of your investment, and can go as high as 5%. The front-end load is paid to the firm from which you buy the fund.The charge is deducted from the initial amount you contribute to the fund. It is possible to negotiate the initial sales charge with your investment advisor before you make the investment.Back-end loadThis is also referred to as the deferred sales charge (DSC). It is a fee that is charged by some funds whenever you sell your shares or units.If the fund has a deferred sales charge, you do not pay any fee while purchasing your shares. Instead, the charge is pushed (deferred) till you decide to sell the shares.The deferred sales charge can be as high as 6% of your initial investment. However, there are some rules that govern the operation of deferred sales charges.Most deferred sales charges have a fixed decline schedule, whic h means that the longer you hold onto a fund with the SDC structure, the less you will pay when you decide to sell.For most funds using this structure, if you hold onto the fund over a long period (about 5 to 7 years), the deferred sales charge might have dropped to zero, meaning that you will not pay a thing.Some funds also allow you to sell a certain amount of shares (usually 10% of your total investment) annually without having to pay any charges.For funds with a DSC structure, some commission is paid upfront to your advisor’s firm when you buy the shares. Part of this commission will be paid to your advisor.Any charges that you pay as part of the deferred sales charge then go to the fund provider.Low loadThis is also referred to as a low sales charge (LSC).In this structure, you pay a lower sales charge upfront (up to 3% of your total investment) when you purchase your shares, and another low redemption charge (up to 3%) when you decide to dispose of your shares.In some way, t he low sales charge is similar to the deferred sales charge in that the fee keeps diminishing over time.However, the fee diminishes over a shorter time for the low sales charge structure, meaning that if you hold your fund for longer than three years, you won’t have to pay any fees when you sell your shares.No loadIn this structure, no fees are charged for purchasing or selling a fund’s units or shares.However, this does not automatically make the no-load structure the better deal.Before purchasing a fund, take the time to compare the performance and MER of the fund to other similar funds.UNDERSTANDING FUND SERIES AND CLASSES AND THEIR EFFECT ON FEE STRUCTUREYou might have noticed that most mutual funds are categorized in terms of series and classes, which are usually denoted by a letter.The class under which a fund falls has an impact on the fund’s fee structure, as well as other features associated with the fund.While there are no hard rules when it comes to the fee structur e for different series and classes, below are some general guidelines:Series AThis is the most common class that most investors buy into.Series A funds usually have one or more sales charge options, meaning that series A funds are usually expensive.The MERs for most series A funds are also usually higher compared to series F.In spite of this, most investors find themselves buying into this class of funds because it is the one promoted by most investment firms.The higher costs mean more commissions for the firm, hence they prefer to sell more of this class.Series DThis class of funds is usually associated with reduced trailing commissions. This class of funds is usually available to investors who buy fund units through discount brokerage channels.Series FThis class of funds is usually only available to investors who purchase units or shares through an advisor.In most cases, the investor has to pay a single annual fee in exchange for the services of the advisor.Alternatively, some adv isors might have a fee-for-service plan.The investor negotiates directly with the advisor and pays any fees associated with the fund to the advisor.In this case, the fund provider does not pay any commissions to the advisor since the advisor is already charging you for their services.The result is that Series F funds tend to have lower MERs than Series A funds.Series IThis class of funds usually targets high net worth investors who are ready to invest about $500,000 or more. However, the amount depends on the fund provider.In most cases, Series I funds are the preserve of institutional investors, such as pension plans.Other SeriesSometimes, some mutual fund providers will assign other letters of the alphabet to funds that come with some special conditions attached.These kinds of funds are usually only offered to selected investors.UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF THESE COSTS ON YOUR INVESTMENTIs it really worth paying all these fees in exchange for investment advice?According to a study done by the Center for Interuniversity Research and Analysis on Organizations (CIRANO) on behalf of the Investment Funds Institute of Canada (IFIC), households that have had a professional financial advisor for four to six years have 1.58 times more assets compared to identical households that have no financial advisor.The study also shows that the longer the relationships between a household and a financial advisor, the more assets a household is likely to have.While paying these fees in exchange for financial advice is worth it, it is important to keep your fees low if you want to grow your wealth.Before investing in a mutual fund, take the time to review all the fees associated with the fund and go for the fund with the highest returns and least expenses.Obviously, the lower the expenses associated with the fund, the more money you will have when you decide to redeem your investment.While the fee differences between different funds might seem small and insignificant, they can qui ckly add up and grow into huge amounts, especially when you are investing over the long term.To put the impact of these fees into perspective, let us consider two investors putting their money into funds with different MER rates.For our thought experiment, we are going to make the following assumptions:Each investor contributes $1000 into their chosen mutual fund and holds the investment for 10 years.Each fund has a 5% annual rate of return.Investor A invests in a fund with 0.33% MER.Investor B invests in a fund with 2.18% MER.After 10 years, their funds will have performed as follows:Each investor will have contributed $10,000 to their respective fund.The fund value (after MER is deducted) will be $12,952 for investor A and $11,619 for investor B.Investor A will only have paid $220 in fees while investor B will have paid $1367.Investor B will have paid 14% of his total contribution as MER, while investor A will only have paid 2% of his total contribution as MER.The total MER paid w ill represent 12% of total fund value for investor B and only 1.7% for investor A.In this situation, both investors invest the same amount of money for the same duration in funds with the same rate of return but different MERs. Yet, at the end of 10 years, investor A has made a lot more money than investor B.If both investors had invested a huge some, say $100,000, the differences in income would be even more glaring. Therefore, you should always consider the expenses associated with a fund before investing.OPTIONS FOR REDUCING YOUR INVESTMENT COSTSHaving seen the significant impacts of the expenses associated with a professionally managed investment option, you might be wondering if it is possible for you to reduce these expenses and therefore increase your returns.Sure, there are some investment routes that allow you to lower your expenses. One of these is DIY investing. This is where you kick out the professional manager and run your investments on your own.While kicking out your manager will not eliminate all costs associated with managing your portfolio, the expenses will be a lot lower.As a DIY investor, your total expense ratio will fall somewhere between 0.2% and 0.5% of your total investments.On the flip side, you will need to have experience in securities investing in order to become a DIY investor. If you do not know what you are doing, you risk losing all your money.Alternatively, you can lower your costs by taking the robo-advisor route. If you do not have much experience in securities investing but still want to lower your investment costs, this is the best option.With this option, robots and algorithms are used to suggest the best investment options for you.However, everything is not left to the algorithms. If you need help, you can get human assistance remotely, either over phone, email or through chats.While the expenses associated with robo-advisors are higher than DIY investing, they are still lower compared to professionally managed account s.FINAL WORDSaving and investing is important if you want to have enough money by the time you retire.While it is impossible for you to control the markets, understanding the costs associated with investing and minimizing them can significantly increase your wealth by the time you retire.Before making an investment decision, sit down with your advisor and have them explain to you all the various costs associated with a specific fund.Only by understanding these expenses will you be able to make informed decisions.Remember, while these expenses seem like an insignificant payment for the advice you get, they can add up into enormous figures, especially when you are investing huge amounts of money over a long period of time.

The Performance Of The Dancer s Body As An Agent - 975 Words

The performance of the sabar in Senegal, and the performance of improvised social dancing in queer clubs in New York City, exemplify the dancer’s body as an agent and protagonist in each dance form. For queer people, improvised social dancing allows them to experience an embodied confidence that is carried with them in their negotiation of life as a sexual minority. For Senegalese women, dancing in the sabar opens a gateway for them to celebrate their sexuality in a way that challenges the authority of the male gaze. In both social dances there is interaction between the dancer and the music. This interaction produces a level of agency, confidence, and power that is epitomized in their movement. The dancing of the Senegalese women in the sabar, manifests as an empowered agency over their own bodies. In the ethnography, Choreographies of African Identities, Francesca Castaldi explains that â€Å"the gathering of women in the shape of a circle literally opens up a space filled with their expectations and intent†¦[t]hus women physically take over the public space of the city, and supported by the gewels ,†¦ reconstitute it as a sabar dancing circle† (80). This emphasizes the agency of the women dancers in this space. Their physical, womanly presence is what stakes claim over and produces the intention of the space, and the music produced by the gewels is only there to support what the dancers are already doing. Women in sabar events called tannebeers, have the power to dance in aShow MoreRelatedThe Industry Can Cause A Lot Of Trouble For People1681 Words   |  7 PagesMany of the dancers who Roach interviewed were in the industry for financial reasons. 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In the early 70s, a Jamaican, DJ known as Kool Herc attempted to combine his Jamaican style of disk jockey, that involved reciting improvised rhymes over the dub versions of his reggae records (Davey 1). He also invented turntables, which kept the music going, with theRead MoreTheater As An Actor And Makes You Better?5195 Words   |  21 PagesCharacter is developed through practice of everyday living and becomes better over time as it is practiced. â€Å"The sequence of human behavior raises the question of which is preeminent--acts or dispositions. Their interaction is broken by Aristotle s distinction between acts which create good dispositions and acts which flow from the good disposition once it has been created.† The rule of Good character is that every action has a reaction, the results are highly relative to the individual and the

The Impact Of Climate Change On Planet Earth - 1343 Words

The Impact Climate Change Has on Planet Earth In the last few decades, climate change has been a significant scientific and economic controversy for major debates. Some scientists believe they have already given enough research and proof to justify climate change as being a real, prevalent issue while other scientist and politicians thoughtlessly reject the theory altogether. This problem is very important for a few reasons; climate change could potentially define the fate of the entire human race, and because of this we might need to implement new laws regarding emissions of greenhouse gasses that could cost the world trillions of dollars. This subject is no laughing matter, and in today’s world you have to be blind, deaf, and stupid not to believe in it. The amount of research backing up these claims of climate change is irrefutable, but there are fundamental problems with locating the exact cause of it. Scientists are in a battle to discover if humans are the source of climate change or if planet Earth is undergoing a natural cycle that slowly increases the average temperature of itself. All that is known today is that when carbon dioxide and other compounds chemically similar to it are released into the atmosphere, the Earth gets hotter, decreasing the amount of Arctic ice and increasing the sea level. Disregarding money, climate change is a real, and very serious issue that has a tremendous quantity of research supporting it with, unfortunately, a deadly ending if notShow MoreRelatedGlobal Climate Change Causes And Effects On The Environment And The World s Oceans916 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global climate change? Do you think we create this problem in the twentieth-first century to damage our planet. This problem started at the beginning of civilization and became worse during the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century. 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A Woman of No Importance/Mrs. Warren’s Profession Free Essays

Consider the various ways in which Wilde presents the role of women in contemporary society in A Woman of No Importance. Compare and contrast this with Shaw’s presentation of the female characters in Mrs. Warren’s Profession. We will write a custom essay sample on A Woman of No Importance/Mrs. Warren’s Profession or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ensure that you offer alternative viewpoints in your answer as well as demonstrating aspects of the dramatic and theatrical from both texts. In both A Woman of No Importance (1893) and Mrs. Warren’s Profession (1894) texts, there is evidence of shared and contrasting views regarding the role of women in contemporary society presented through characters’ attitudes, and this is particularly significant, considering that both plays were written near the turn of the century in a majorly patriarchal society, when the onset of equal right’s was finally beginning to be considered and the ‘liberated woman’ had surfaced. How exactly did Wilde and Bernard Shaw present this? There much evidence to ponder. An arguably atypical and progressive nature of some of the female characters in both texts is evident within, particularly in that of A Woman of No Importance’s American puritan Hester Worsely, ironically named after adulterous Hester Prynne of the Victorian novel ‘The Scarlet Letter’ (1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne). Hester is very much opposed to the aristocratic nature of the rest of the party and refers to English society as â€Å"shallow, selfish, foolish†, (act II, p33) believing in social and gender equality. This is made clear when she goes on to show her outrage towards unseen infamous Lord Henry Weston, Lady Caroline’s brother, and how they â€Å"are unjust to women in England† and she believes â€Å"If a man and a woman have sinned†¦ †¦let them both be branded†. Her somewhat inappropriately timed speeches suggest her views are regarded as estranged, perhaps due to her bashful naivety, and I believe the perhaps it was Wilde’s intention for Hester to symbolize ‘the New Woman’, and her out of place nature following initial introduction to Victorian society. Hester’s outlook and views on society are not dissimilar to the â€Å"strong, confident, self-possessed,† character of Vivie Warren in ‘Mrs. Warren’s Profession’, who is also a firm believer in the liberation of women and equality of sexes, and whom, after immediate introduction demonstrates uncharacteristically male mannerisms and possessions, â€Å"A lady’s bicycle is propped up against the wall† How to cite A Woman of No Importance/Mrs. Warren’s Profession, Papers A Woman of No Importance/Mrs. Warren’s Profession Free Essays Consider the various ways in which Wilde presents the role of women in contemporary society in A Woman of No Importance. Compare and contrast this with Shaw’s presentation of the female characters in Mrs. Warren’s Profession. We will write a custom essay sample on A Woman of No Importance/Mrs. Warren’s Profession or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ensure that you offer alternative viewpoints in your answer as well as demonstrating aspects of the dramatic and theatrical from both texts. In both A Woman of No Importance (1893) and Mrs. Warren’s Profession (1894) texts, there is evidence of shared and contrasting views regarding the role of women in contemporary society presented through characters’ attitudes, and this is particularly significant, considering that both plays were written near the turn of the century in a majorly patriarchal society, when the onset of equal right’s was finally beginning to be considered and the ‘liberated woman’ had surfaced. How exactly did Wilde and Bernard Shaw present this? There much evidence to ponder. An arguably atypical and progressive nature of some of the female characters in both texts is evident within, particularly in that of A Woman of No Importance’s American puritan Hester Worsely, ironically named after adulterous Hester Prynne of the Victorian novel ‘The Scarlet Letter’ (1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne). Hester is very much opposed to the aristocratic nature of the rest of the party and refers to English society as â€Å"shallow, selfish, foolish†, (act II, p33) believing in social and gender equality. This is made clear when she goes on to show her outrage towards unseen infamous Lord Henry Weston, Lady Caroline’s brother, and how they â€Å"are unjust to women in England† and she believes â€Å"If a man and a woman have sinned†¦ †¦let them both be branded†. Her somewhat inappropriately timed speeches suggest her views are regarded as estranged, perhaps due to her bashful naivety, and I believe the perhaps it was Wilde’s intention for Hester to symbolize ‘the New Woman’, and her out of place nature following initial introduction to Victorian society. Hester’s outlook and views on society are not dissimilar to the â€Å"strong, confident, self-possessed,† character of Vivie Warren in ‘Mrs. Warren’s Profession’, who is also a firm believer in the liberation of women and equality of sexes, and whom, after immediate introduction demonstrates uncharacteristically male mannerisms and possessions, â€Å"A lady’s bicycle is propped up against the wall† How to cite A Woman of No Importance/Mrs. Warren’s Profession, Essay examples

Two gentlemen of Verona Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Two gentlemen of Verona Argumentative Essay A monologue from the play by William Shakespeare LAUNCE: Nay, twill be this hour ere I have done weeping. All the kind of the Launces have this very fault. I have received my proportion, like the prodigious son, and am going with Sir Proteus to the Imperials court. I think Crab, my dog, be the sourest-natured dog that lives. My mother weeping, my father wailing, my sister crying, our maid howling, our cat wringing her hands, and all our house in a great perplexity, yet did not this cruel-hearted cur shed one tear. He is a stone, a very pebble stone, and has no more pity in him than a dog. A Jew would have wept to have seen our parting. Why, my grandam, having no eyes, look you, wept herself blind at my parting. Nay, Ill show you the manner of it. This shoe is my father. No, this left shoe is my father. No, no, this left shoe is my mother. Nay, that cannot be so neither. Yes, it is so, it is so it hath the worser sole. This shoe with the hole in it is my mother, and this my father. A vengeance ont! There tis. Now, sir, this staff i s my sister, for, look you, she is as white as a lily and as small as a wand. We will write a custom essay on Two gentlemen of Verona Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This hat is Nan, our maid. I am the dog. No, the dog is himself, and I am the dog O, the dog is me, and I am myself. Ay, so, so. Now come I to my father: Father, your blessing. Now should not the shoe speak a word for weeping. Now should I kiss my father well, he weeps on. Now come I to my mother. O, that she could speak now like a wood woman! Well, I kiss her why, there tis: heres my mothers breath up and down. Now come I to my sister; mark the moan she makes. Now the dog all this while sheds not a tear nor speaks a word!

Terminal sedation essays

Terminal sedation essays On April 15, 1975 Karen Ann Quinlan age 21 became ill. She had difficulty breathing, became unresponsive and showed signs of brain damage. Her doctors described her condition as persistent vegetative state. At times she could not breathe and eventually a respirator tube was inserted into her throat. Karens family and physicians decided in July of 1975 that the respirator should be discontinued. Unfortunately a few days later the lead physician informed the family that he would not honor their wishes due to no medical precedent in regarding the actions of removal of life support. The Superior Court of New Jersey intervened and the county prosecutor, the treating physicians and hospital all filled suit against the family. The Quinlan family took the suit to the Supreme Court who in turn found that Karen would not come out of her comatose state. Persons in Persistent vegetative state or in any other condition in which therapy is either ineffective or would impose a grave burden , removing life support does not cause death. Rather removing life support allows death to occur as the result of natural pathology which is not beneficial to resist. The Supreme Court ruled that Karens family had the right to privacy and it was only her family who would be competent enough to decide her fate. Finally in May of 1979 Karen was taken off life support. The Medical Treatment Act of 1988 clarifies the law relating to the right of patients to refuse medical treatment if the patient does not feel that it is in there best interest. The act allows patients to appoint someone to make decisions for their medical care if they are incapacitated. This act also protects medical practioners to comply with the refusal of treatment certificate. The requirements of the patient or family to refuse treatment are as follows: They must fill out a refusal of treatment certificate. Must be 18 years old or older of sound mind and ...

3 Unusual Ways To Create Exclusive Content That Attracts A Crowd

3 Unusual Ways To Create Exclusive Content That Attracts A Crowd While it might not be nice to exclude people, it can sure be handy in content marketing. Exclusive content is a strange beast. It goes against our natural inclination to make as much available to as many people all the time. Yet, if done right, exclusive content can be incredibly effective at getting your audience to take action. Why Exclusive Content Works How do you make people want something? Use exclusivity.  Only make a few available. Ask people to sign up and wait for an invite (like  Simple). Exclusivity works because, frankly, people like to be in on the secret.  Exclusivity makes people want something. If they cant have it, they want it all the more. If people cant have it, they want it all the more. #ExclusiveContentSome of us take a bit of pleasure when others are excluded (though wed rather not admit that). Wed rather be in the group than out of it, and if its a small group that not everyone can join even though they want to, we feel pretty good about ourselves when we get in. We feel special. Exclusivity also works for companies who offer their product to any customer who wants it, but on very specific terms. In this realm (think of Netflix and their show House of Cards, which they distribute exclusively), the product has to be excellent, people have to be able to find it, and you have to be able to keep people from spreading it beyond what you control (keep it exclusive). Exclusivity makes people want something, and it works in two ways: Not everyone gets in. This requires a product that is so good, so clever, so desirable, such a status symbol, that people are frantic to get in on it. Everyone gets in, but only through our channels. This requires a product that is excellent, people have to be able to find it easily enough, and you have to have a method for keeping control of how it spreads (think DRM). Exclusivity doesnt work if you only make 50 available and only one person wants it, anyway. There has be be demand for your product, whether its a real demand or one you conjure up through clever marketing and pushing the psychological buttons of your audience. Applying Exclusivity To Content Marketing The language you use in your copy can be exclusive, even if the item itself actually isnt exclusive. QuickSprout does an excellent job describing how exclusive language is a powerful way to convince people to do something in their (fantastic) Definitive Guide To Copywriting. Some of the phrases that motivate people to sign up are: exclusive offers become an insider be one of the few get it before everybody else be the first to hear about it only available to subscribers You get the idea. The words you use can instigate a little bit of panic, greed, or curiosity in a person so that they feel compelled to sign up. Though youre not actually limiting access (everyone who signs up gets it), the language you use to prompt people to sign up hints at feelings of exclusivity. But what about taking exclusivity beyond just the language we use in our copy? Could we create actual exclusive content? Should we try something like that? Heck yes. While your blog and social media are your content foundations, exclusivity is like a window that lets your audience feel like they got a peek at something special. 1. Limit The Availability Exclusivity often has a partner in crime, and thats scarcity. Scarcity uses words such as: limited offer supplies running out get them while they last sale ends soon today only only 10 available only 3 left only available here double the offer in the next hour only When there are fewer opportunities available, it necessarily creates exclusivity: the group that got a rare item are an exclusive group indeed. Buy it while you still can. Get it before its gone. Creating scarcity is a terrifying gamble. Content marketers are programmed to think that we need to get our content out as much as possible to as many as possible. Bigger audience! More traffic! More shares! Making our content scarce doesnt seem to fit that playbook. Can we make scarce content work? If we limit the amount available, wont we be shooting ourselves in the foot? Scarcity will work if: People actually want it. Youve either met a real need that no one has bothered to meet before, or you sold it well and convinced your audience they gotta have it. Maybe youve hinted and teased and tortured your customer, leading up to the product release where thousands of people line up to buy it (iPhone, anyone?) out of fear there wouldnt be enough. People actually know about it. Scarcity isnt scarce until there seem to be more people who want it than can have it. Enough people have to know about it to build the numbers. Its just scarce enough. You have to have enough maintain hope in those who want it that they will, eventually, have it. But you still must keep it scarce. This could be a slow drip in products offering a few at a time, or tantalizing build-ups to a product release. In the end, most people will get the item, but over time and in a way that makes it feel as if they were lucky to get it. True exclusivity is difficult with digital goods; you might only email out 100 newsletters, but anyone can forward them. Tying them to something tangible (everyone who signs up gets a free pony) has a certain appeal (Id skip the pony). But is the point that youre trying to limit who has access, or to make access seem special? It should be the latter.  Its about creating exclusivity in that moment when someone is deciding on whether or not to sign up for your email list. What might that look like? Be one of the few! Maybe you have an email newsletter where you only allow new subscriptions twice a year for short period of time. You dont care if people forward it (youd love them to do so). Youre just creating a forced scarcity.  There is a writers forum that opens up to a few new members only once a year for a day. Its a paid membership. I watch for the announcement every year, and I have yet to get in. Im obsessed with it, but probably wouldnt be as interested if I could join any time. For a limited time only! Make your ebook or autoresponder course available only for a limited time. Then its gone. Limited availability  supersedes  the need to carefully consider. Just do it now and decide later. Thats how we approach limited time. The bonus in all of this? Scarcity and exclusivity allow you to create events around availability. You can promote them on your blog, social media, the whole nine yards. Instead of sign up for our email list all the time, its for a limited time, were opening the doors for new subscribers! Promote it, hype it. Because its a bona fide event.

Scottish Development International and Scotland Research Paper

Scottish Development International and Scotland - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, the problems that may stem from cultural diversity in the workplace may outweigh the advantages, if not effectively managed hence impair the effectiveness and commitment of the team in achieving the objectives of the company. However, the question is how to identify these aspects of cultural diversity and thus developing a well elaborate strategic plan on dealing with this issue ethically. Additionally, the focus also needs to encompass the dimensions of conflict resolution and teamwork in the workplace. Consequently, drawing from vastly experienced managers in well established international organizations, they are quick to point out four major areas posing a challenge these include communication criteria, accents and language fluency, Attitude towards authority and the hierarchical structure of the organization and decision making norms in the organization. For better Understanding of the Subject on Cultural Conflict, it is important to look at the history of Scotland as a country. The people of Scotland are well known to be friendly and industrious (Scottish Culture, 2011). However, in the early days the Scottish people always resisted foreign cultures and evicted foreigners from their land. One good e xample to illustrate this was the highland clearance (Gunn, 2011). This clearly shows that the cultural conflict problem dates back to the formation of Scotland. The SDI Company is one of the companies in Scotland that faces the challenges of cultural diversity because of the type of business they are engaged in. The SDI Company is involved in helping other companies in Scotland deal with international trade hence this makes them a single point in terms on international trade dealings in Scotland. However, the main reason as to why the SDI Company is best suited in when it comes to studying and understanding cultural

American Indian culture studies research paper Essay

American Indian culture studies research paper - Essay Example The Native Americans way of life and culture is very much adored by most people around the world. Everyone is eager to understand the culture and the nature of people who initially occupied the most powerful country in the world. The Indians greatly influenced the shape and environment of the current America in several ways because they lived and carried out their human activities on the land particularly their habit of shifting seasonal subsistence that was conforming to the changing seasons. Everyone particularly is concerned about the decline of the culture of the American natives. These people clearly shows the evidence of North American life such as the discovery of a hunting lookout in Northern Alaska and the various finely crafted spear points found near Clovis, New Mexico. All these discoveries show the culture and the lifestyle of the first Americans who also believed to be more hospitable and had strong belief in sharing (Teicher 2006, 14). It is unfortunate that some of these traits have been overridden by the contemporary culture. The decline of the Native Americans culture has largely been contributed by assimilation, exploitation and the change of purpose as well as the rich number of alternatives that are assumed to be modern by the contemporary society. Luckily, there are various institutions that have strongly come out to protect and enhance the Native cultures such as the introduction of culturally based education that involve introduction and re-establishment of native language as well as culture. Introduction of cultural based education has been very vital in pres4rvation of the native culture and most tribes with almost over 500 distinct cultures have strived to survive by trying to regain practices that defined them as people. Preservation of the native culture Preservation of the native culture has involved tireless practices such as creation of dictionaries for many tribes, connecting present and the past as well as introduction of tribal colleges and public schools that restore the rich knowledge of different native cultures. Outstanding teaching force has been introduced to the Native Americans and the students have been culturally empowered by making their schools more culturally relevant for them. However, it is still very clear that the Indian continuity and survival is not part of the cultural preservation and continuation (Shaull & Gramann 1998, 49-55). Modern society has greatly influenced the current youth thus leaving them in dilemma. The current young people are not sure of what is best for them because they cannot choose between their native cultures and the current cultures. For instance, in the modern society, a young man may put emphasis on exercising of individual freedom and rights even if it is against the people’s will unlike in the native culture where an individual would look to the extended family and elders for guidance and direction. The group decisions are more important and an individual is required to avoid conflict and be very loyal to the group unlike in the contemporary society where an individual’s independence is more important than the group (Shaull &

WItchcraft :: essays research papers

Witchcraft   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In general witchcraft is sorcery, the magical manipulation of the supernormal forces through the use of spells, and the conjuring or invoking of spirits. Wicca is the most common witchcraft. During the middle ages and the renaissance, it was defined as evil magic. This is the very reason Joan of Arc was burned at the stake; she was accused of being a witch. Although many think that it is a religion that worships the devil, Wicca does not have anything to do with worshiping the devil or Christianity. The most common form of witchcraft is done with the use of spells. To set a spell, the person doing it will set up an altar/table in which to place the candles and symbols on. The spells consist of words that can either be chanted or inscribed in something. The candles are used to direct the spell towards a specific purpose, such as: pink-love, white-healing and peace, and black-death. These colors can be used for different meanings; however, these are the standard mea nings. There are many other colors out there with their own unique meanings, like if a spell was being set on a person; a candle that was their favorite color could be used. The symbols used consist of charms, pictures, flowers and belongings depending on the spell being set. These symbols must represent the spell and they cannot just be anything done quickly without thought. For example, if the person were trying to make their friend heal from a sickness a picture of the person or something that represents them would work. Very experienced witches use potions that consist of a complicated formula and weird recipes. Almost anything one could think of could be in a witch’s potion, such as bat blood, human blood, eyeballs, herbs, spices, etc. In order to be able to work this magic one must acquire enough knowledge through meditation, and other acts of complete focus and research, others are just born with the natural power. Most people who have this power set spells for the goo d and others well-being; for, any evil spell one sets will come back on them times three. This law is called the power of three times three, which must be known before there are any attempts of setting spells. Although this seems like a great and easy thing, it is very dangerous. The words in the spell are taken literally, for instance if your spell was set to make someone leave you alone for good, it could cause the person to die.

Martin Luther King -Research Paper Essay

ABSTRACT Countless individuals have been leaders for racial justice throughout history. Some are well known and some will never be known. The individuals here are neither the most important nor the best known; they are simply some representative figures that we have chosen in hopes that their stories may inspire others. Most of the individuals listed here were active in the United States, but the movement against racism is world-wide. There were many leaders in the civil rights struggle, but Martin Luther King was more than just the most conspicuous and eloquent among them. The present paper is an attempt to look into the social struggle backed by intense racial discrimination. The paper will also try to understand the role and contribution of great leaders towards the eradication and liberation of racial inequality. This paper is an attempt to analyze the role of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his struggle for a more liberal society specifically for the black community. INTRODUCTION Time and again great people have taken birth on planet to safeguard human lives from devastation, both, natural and manmade. Many social evils have taken a heavy toll and have cost human lives. The most afflicting was untouchability practiced in India. In the similar time frame the world saw slavery and the racial tensions between the black and the whites. A few leaders that emerged as an icon in history and contributed in the eradication of racism are: Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, Abraham Lincoln, John F Kennedy, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar, Martin Luther King Jr.,Mother Teresa and a few more to name. Most of the individuals listed here were active in the United States, but the movement against racism is world-wide. What would the Civil Rights Movement be without the brave men and women who fought for equal rights? These leaders dedicated their lives to ending slavery, segregation, and unfair treatment. One such person who rose as a national icon in the history of modern American liber alism, an African American civil rights leader and is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience is â€Å"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.† For his contribution in the context of non-violence struggle he was titled as the ‘American Gandhi’. Martin Luther King previously known as Michael Luther was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in the year of 1929. He was brought up in a religious home, his father was a pastor. Martin followed in his dad’s footsteps and was ordained and became a minister of a Baptist church in the city Montgomery, Alabama. Montgomery was a place of great racism in the South. Dr. King saw this racism and felt something needed to be done. As for him being the newly elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). He felt he needed to do something, so in 1955, December 1, when Rosa Parks didn’t give up her seat on the bus for a white passenger and was arrested. Martin made the decision to organize a boycott against the bus transportation. This is where the great leadership that Martin Luther King Jr. started. Although King was only thirty-nine at the time of his death, his life was remarkable for the ways it reflected and inspired so many of the twentieth century’s major intellectual, cultural, and political developments. This paper will try to elaborate on, King, as a personality, the influence of Gandhi’s ideologies on his life, his achievements as an Orator by analyzing few of the many speeches delivered by him and How effective he was as a leader? METHODOLOGY A lot of literature has already been written on this subject. Much of it has been dismissed considering the fact that no appropriate evidences were collected. (However, the present paper is an attempt to understand, evaluate and analyze the contribution made by Dr. Martin Luther King to eradicate the evils of racial inequality. Great leaders have discussed and debated their views in symposia held from time to time, many of which have also appeared in several publications. Over the last thirty years, considerable volume of literature has grown on the subject of racial inequality and some of the salient opinions expressed by various leaders are presented. Primary and Secondary sources will be used during this research. Books, articles in journals and certain websites will be used as secondary sources. This research will be predominantly ‘narrative’ and ‘analytical’ in nature. This paper is also a modest attempt to fill in the gap of what has already been written and the global understanding of this issue. Primary Sources have been collected from: http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/4758 DISCUSSION This discussion includes three main aspects of King’s personality i.e. King as a Leader, King As an orator and his famous I have a dream speech and the influence of Gandhi’s ideologies on King’s life. ‘KING AS A LEADER’ What defines an excellent leader? Is Leadership someone that can think creatively or can solve problems? Is a leader someone that knows what it takes to be a leader and to lead a group, or is it someone that sets goals for themselves and/or for the group. One could ponder these questions for a very long time but there is no true definition for leader or leadership. But you can look at people and decide if they are a good leader, by what outcomes they arrive at, the way they inspire people, and the qualities that they poses. All of these aspects are in one of the greatest leaders of all times and that would be, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. This man is one to be admired and sought to be like. The leadership that King shows is, not to be afraid of anything, to stand up for your people, to stand up for the right of your people, and lastly to fight with nonviolence for your people. King took action against segregation from that day, to his death. By taking action I mean that he formed many organizations one of which was Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which allowed him to pursue other civil rights activities. This grew to be nationwide and allowed Martin L. King to help his people through his leadership skills. He set goals for himself and for his people. The goals he set for himself was that† I will not rest until all black men, women, children are free of segregation†. Which meant he would not rest until all his people were free and would do anything to help them have their freedom? The goals he set for his people were of independence, desegregation, and to have their freedom. By setting these goals it shows that King is a great leader. I feel you have to set goals to accomplish your task. By him setting these goals everyone is on the same track, and the people are looking to achieve the same goals and dreams. Which he showed his dreams when he gave the speech at Washington â€Å"The I Have a Dream† speech. Martin Luther King shows great leadership by his demonstrations of non-violence acts all of his organizations all the speeches he gave and all the letters he wrote . Through this it shows he is a man of intelligence, determination, also integrity. I say intelligence because in his demonstrations, if he would have fought back he and many others would have been killed or seriously injured and it would be his fault and he would have let his people down. So by using his brain he was able to show that the use of violence would result in violence. Not the fact that the demonstration was about the Civil Rights and the desegregation of Blacks. He also showed his intelligence by the letters and the speeches he wrote. The one that was the most inspirational was the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech which is elaborated in the later part of this discussion. This speech touched so many people. It changed the way many people thought about blacks. With the words of Martin Luther King he helped to get desegregation in the Southern states of Mississippi, Alabama, Carolina, Georgia etc just throw his leadership skills and his motivational words that ring till this day. King showed his determination through getting thrown in jail, being hit wi th sticks, fists, and being called a â€Å"Niger†. All of which hurt him but he would not let that stop him from getting his people free using non-violence and He did not want to show he was scared of the white community he wanted to show his people no fear. So he faced these obstacles head on and didn’t back down. He showed his dedication and determination to achieve his goals and the goals of his people and to show no fear, and to make his people feel no fear in the white community. By this Blacks became unafraid of white and helped them get there desegregation. Martin showed his integrity by taking responsibility for his actions, shown by him going to jail and by him being beat up or even killed. This man inspires confidence in others because he can be trusted to do what he says he will do. King says he will fight until freedom rings that mean that he will fight till freedom rings, in which he did. He showed the most integrity when he was killed. He showed that he would give is life to have desegregation and to have his peo ple have their freedom from all whites. ‘INFLUENCE OF GANDHI ON KING’S LIFE’ An event that played as an integral part of his life was his visit to India in 1959 as he increased his understanding of Gandhian ideas during his month-long visit sponsored by the American Friends Service Committee. With Coretta and MIA historian Lawrence D. Reddick in tow, King meet with many Indian leaders, including Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Writing after his return, King stated, â€Å"I left India more convinced than ever before that non-violent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for freedom† Is it true that much of Martin Luther King’s success resulted from the passive resistance techniques proposed by Mahatma Gandhi? The answer is Yes, Both Gandhi and Martin Luther King used passive resistance to fight for social justice and equality but their individual use of it varies immensely. In the early 1900s, Gandhi inspired a successful nonviolence movement to end the British Raj in India. Gandhi strongly believed that nonviolence or Satyagraha was the most influential way to fight unjust laws and discrimination. Following Gandhi’s movement, in the late 1950s and 1960s was a similar movement sparked by Martin Luther King, Jr. King mimicked Gandhi’s utilization of Gandhi’s nonviolence for the purpose of liberating the discriminated black community in America. The most potent difference between the two leaders was their cause for employing nonviolence and the unforgiving situations and opposers they fought. In Gandhi’s era, he was battling the minority, but brutal force of the British Empire, but King fought the racial injustice and inequality that plagued American society, lurking on every street corner. Both tasks are no easy feat, but time and time again, one sees the tactic of nonviolence defeating even the most noble militia. Although King’s use of nonviolence is very similar to Gandhi’s, there are a few critical differences in how Gandhi executed Satyagraha compared to Dr. King’s use of adopted nonviolence because of the difference in situa tions that they were faced with. Since many of King’s tactics were based on Gandhi’s, the two influential leaders shared a very similar viewpoint on nonviolent resistance including the use of tactics such as civil disobedience and noncooperation. Both leaders used the powerful nonviolent force to fight social injustices of their time. Their methods for successfully utilizing nonviolence were civil disobedience and noncooperation. In April 1930, Gandhi successfully lead the Salt March from Sabarmati, and traveled over 240 miles to Dandi where thousands of Indians produced salt from their Ocean, defying the British salt monopoly.This act of civil disobedience was to combat the unjust law of British Salt taxes. Similarly, King lead civil disobedience demonstrations with lunch counter sit-ins where black students would try to fight the unjust laws of segregation by sitting at an all white lunch counter. Gandhi also used noncooperation to boycott British. ‘I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH’ King’s ability to focus national attention on orchestrated confrontations with racist authorities, combined with his oration at the 1963 March on Washington, made him the most influential African-American spokesperson of the first half of the 1960s. Martin Luther King showed different types of leadership through his preaching, his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, boycotts, his marches, and his death. It is a 17-minute public speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered on August 28, 1963, in which he called for racial equality and an end to discrimination. The speech, from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, was a defining moment of the American Civil Rights Movement. Delivered to over 200,000 civil rights supporters, the speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century by a 1999 poll of scholars of public address. Dr. King had the power, the ability, and the capacity to transform those steps on the Lincoln Memorial into a monumental area that will forever be recognized. By speaking the way he did, he educated, he inspired, he informed not just the people there, but people throughout America and unborn generations.All of these demonstrations show that he is the greatest leader of all time. He changed America, he changed segregation, he changed the way people think of people. All of his great qualities came in handy for him to be this great leader. To be remembered as a great man and leader ever to live and die doing what he believed in, and what he thought was right. ‘KING AS AN ORTOR’ †¢ He is famous for his wisdom and persuasive speeches against segregation of African Americans. He accomplished his success mostly through speeches, but also through his written essays. Although, his speeches were intense and filled with much persuasion, Martin had a way with words when he wrote too. †¢ He analyzed statements and responded in an argumentative manner. He demonstrated this through persuasive statements, answering quotes from the community, and used a past leader as an example. †¢ Martin Luther King had a way with words. He simply expressed himself in a manner that the people could understand. One way this was proposed, he used persuasive wording in order to demonstrate his particular feeling of that certain topic. Not only did Martin persuade the readers and or listeners with words of wisdom, but he also used quotes, good or bad, to argue against segregation and to explain why it was unjust. †¢ Martin’s main goal was to make the public aware of the problems it faces every day. His answers provide a continuous void of satisfaction to the readers naked eye, but filters those minds who’s thoughts were garbled with lies of the community. †¢ Martin Luther King Jr. not only answered the community, but he used important men as examples. One of them being, the ever so famous, Adolf Hitler. †¢ He displayed courage and wisdom in rare form. Only, to prove his worth as a U.S. citizen and his worth to his community. Martin Luther King Jr. truly was a magnificent and remarkable man. No matter what the people threw at him he had an answer for it. He used persuasive thoughts and words of wisdom in such a way that he will be remembered as one of the most dominating leaders of his time. CONCLUSION This brings us to a conclusion that King was a great leader and a also man that will never be forgotten. This is because of all the good things that he has done for America and the Black population. No one will ever forget this man because of his hard work, determination, loyalty to his people, is loyalty to his work, the trust people shared in him, how intelligent he was to make the right decision on his movements and speeches. Martin Luther King is a very inspiring individual, a man that will show you what is right and how it is going to be when all is over. He is the kind of man that will show you his dreams, and show you how he is feeling. But when it comes down to everything he is on top. He hits every aspect of a not good but great leader. Your forever Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. REFRENCES Primary Source: http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/4758 Martin Luther King Jr.: www.wikipedia.com Peter Ling’s examination on King’s leadership role during his campaign for peace and justice – http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/martin_luther_king_01.shtml Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle – http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_martin_luther_king_jr_biography/ Comparative study (Gandhi and king): http://socyberty.com/history/comparing-and-contrasting-gandhi-and-king/#ixzz22p4VniYk Analysis of I have a dream speech, by By Stevie Edwards: http://www.presentationmagazine.com/analysis-of-martin-luther-kings-i-have-a-dream-speech-8059.htm Fight Against Racism: http://www.civilrightsmovement.co.uk/fight-against-racism.html Martin Luther King Jr. Historic site :http://www.nps.gov/malu/index.htm

Twig Anatomy for Tree Identification

To use a tree twig key means learning a twigs botanical parts. A key can help you identify a tree to the specific species by asking two question where you can affirm one and eliminate the other. This is called a dichotomous key. Here  is one of the best online twig keys. Terms You Must Know Opposite or Alternate Twigs: Most tree twig keys start with the arrangement of leaf, limb, and buds. It is the primary first separation of the most common tree species. You can eliminate major blocks of trees just by observing its leaf and twig arrangement. Alternate leaf attachments have one unique leaf at each leaf node and typically alternate direction along the stem. Opposite leaf attachments pair leaves at each node. Whorled leaf attachment is where three or more leaves attach at each point or node on the stem. The opposites are maple, ash, dogwood, paulownia buckeye and boxelder (which is really a maple). The alternates are oak, hickory, yellow poplar, birch, beech, elm, cherry, sweetgum, and sycamore. The Terminal Bud: There is a bud on the tip of every twig where growth occurs. It is often larger than the lateral buds and some can be absent. Trees easily identified by their terminal buds are yellow poplar (mitten or duckbilled shaped), dogwood (clove-shaped flower bud) and oak (clustered bud ends). The Lateral Buds: These are buds on each side of the branch. The trees easily identified by a lateral bud is beech (long, pointed scaled bud) and elm (buds off center over leaf scar). The Leaf Scar: This is a scar of leaf attachment. When the leaf drops, a scar is left just under the bud and it can be unique. The trees easily identified by its leaf scars are hickory (3-lobed), ash (shield-shaped)and dogwood (leaf scar encircles the twig). The Lenticel: There are cork-filled pores on most trees that permit the living inner bark to breathe. I use the narrow, long and light lenticels to partly identify just one species that can be tricky - black cherry. The Bundle Scar: You can see scars within the leaf scar that are a big help in identification. These visible dots or lines are cork filled ends of tubes that supply the leaf with water. The trees easily identified by its bundle or vein scars are ash (continuous bundle scars), maple (three bundle scars), and oaks (numerous scattered bundle scars) The Stipule Scar: This is the scar of a leaf-like attachment just off the leaf stem. Since all trees do not have stipules the presence or absence of stipule scars is often helpful in identifying a winter twig. The trees easily identified by its stipule scar is magnolia and yellow poplar. The Pith: The pith is the soft inner core of the twig. The trees easily identified by its pith are black walnut and butternut (both with chambered pith) and hickory (tan, 5-sided pith). One bit of caution when using the above markers. You need to observe an average-looking and maturing tree and stay away from root sprouts, seedlings, suckers and juvenile growth. Rapidly growing young growth can (but not always) have atypical markers that will confuse the beginning identifier.